Critical role of TXNIP in oxidative stress, DNA damage and retinal pericyte apoptosis under high glucose: implications for diabetic retinopathy.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is characterized by early loss of retinal capillary pericytes and microvascular dysfunction. We recently showed that pro-oxidative stress and pro-apoptotic thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) is significantly up-regulated in rat retinas in experimental diabetes and mediates inflammation and apoptosis. Therefore, we hypothesize here that TXNIP up-regulation in pericyte plays a causative role in oxidative stress and apoptosis under sustained high glucose exposure in culture. We maintained a rat retinal capillary pericyte cell line (TR-rPCT1) for 5 days under low glucose (LG, 5.5mM) or high glucose (HG, 25 mM) with or without anti-oxidant N-acetylcysteine (5mM, NAC), Azaseine (2 μM, AzaS), an inhibitor of TXNIP, and TXNIP siRNA (siTXNIP3, 20 nM). The results show that HG increases TXNIP expression in TR-rPCT1, which correlates positively with ROS generation, protein S-nitrosylation, and pro-apoptotic caspase-3 activation. Furthermore, pericyte apoptosis is demonstrated by DNA fragmentation (alkaline comet assay) and a reduction in MTT survival assay. Treatment of TR-rPCT1 with NAC or an inhibition of TXNIP by AzaS or siTXNIP3 each reduces HG-induced ROS, caspase-3 activation and DNA damage demonstrating that TXNIP up-regulation under chronic hyperglycemia is critically involved in cellular oxidative stress, DNA damage and retinal pericyte apoptosis. Thus, TXNIP represents a novel gene and drug target to prevent pericyte loss and progression of DR.