Effects of ionizing radiations on proteins. Evidence of non-random fragmentations and a caution in the use of the method for determination of molecular mass.

We have reinvestigated the use of ionizing radiations to measure the molecular mass of water-soluble or membrane proteins. The test was performed by using the most straightforward aspect of the technique, which consists of SDS/PAGE analysis of the protein-fragmentation process. We found that exposure of purified standard proteins to increasing doses of ionizing radiation causes progressive fragmentation of the native protein into defined peptide patterns. The coloured band corresponding to the intact protein was measured on the SDS gel as a function of dose to determine the dose (D37.t) corresponding to 37% of the initial amount of unfragmented protein deposited on the gel. This led to a calibration curve between 1/D37.t and the known molecular mass of the standard proteins whose best fit gave Mr = 1.77 x 10(6)/D37.t at -78 degrees C, i.e. 35% higher than the generally accepted value at that temperature obtained from inactivation studies. However, we have to conclude that this method is useless to determine the state of aggregation of a protein, since, for all the oligomers tested, the best fit was obtained by using the protomeric molecular mass, suggesting that there is no energy transfer between promoters. Furthermore, SDS greatly increases the fragmentation rate of proteins, which suggests additional calibration problems for membrane proteins in detergent or in the lipid bilayer. But the main drawback of the technique arises from our observation that some proteins behaved anomalously, leading to very large errors in the apparent target size as compared with true molecular mass (up to 100%). It is thus unreliable to apply the radiation method for absolute molecular-mass determination. We then focused on the novel finding that discrete fragmentation of proteins occurs at preferential sites, and this was studied in more detail with aspartate transcarbamylase. N-Terminal sequencing of several radiolysis fragments of the catalytic chain of the enzyme revealed that breaks along the polypeptide chains are localized close to the C-terminal end. Examination of the three-dimensional structure of aspartate transcarbamylase suggests that radiolysis sites (fragile bonds) might be localized in connecting loops.