OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between cow's milk intake on both vitamin D and iron stores in healthy urban preschoolers. METHODS: Healthy children 2 to 5 years of age were recruited from December 2008 through December 2010 through the TARGet Kids! practice-based research network. Cow's milk intake was measured by parental report. Vitamin D and iron stores were measured by using serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and ferritin. Bivariate multivariable linear regression was used to examine the effect of cow's milk intake simultaneously on 25-hydroxyvitamin D and serum ferritin. Analyses were stratified by important clinical variables including skin pigmentation, bottle feeding, vitamin D supplementation, and season. RESULTS: Among 1311 children, increasing cow's milk consumption was associated with decreasing serum ferritin (P < .0001) and increasing 25-hydroxyvitamin D (P ≤ .0001). Two cups (500 mL) of cow's milk per day maintained 25-hydroxyvitamin D >75 nmol/L with minimal negative effect on serum ferritin for most children. Children with darker skin pigmentation not receiving vitamin D supplementation during the winter required 3 to 4 cups of cow's milk per day to maintain 25-hydroxyvitamin D >75 nmol/L. Cow's milk intake among children using a bottle did not increase 25-hydroxyvitamin D and resulted in more dramatic decreases in serum ferritin. CONCLUSIONS: There is a trade-off between increasing 25-hydroxyvitamin D and decreasing serum ferritin with increasing milk intake. Two cups of cow's milk per day appears sufficient to maintain healthy vitamin D and iron stores for most children. Wintertime vitamin D supplementation was particularly important among children with darker skin pigmentation.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between cow's milk intake on both vitamin D and iron stores in healthy urban preschoolers. METHODS: Healthy children 2 to 5 years of age were recruited from December 2008 through December 2010 through the TARGet Kids! practice-based research network. Cow's milk intake was measured by parental report. Vitamin D and iron stores were measured by using serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and ferritin. Bivariate multivariable linear regression was used to examine the effect of cow's milk intake simultaneously on 25-hydroxyvitamin D and serum ferritin. Analyses were stratified by important clinical variables including skin pigmentation, bottle feeding, vitamin D supplementation, and season. RESULTS: Among 1311 children, increasing cow's milk consumption was associated with decreasing serum ferritin (P < .0001) and increasing 25-hydroxyvitamin D (P ≤ .0001). Two cups (500 mL) of cow's milk per day maintained 25-hydroxyvitamin D >75 nmol/L with minimal negative effect on serum ferritin for most children. Children with darker skin pigmentation not receiving vitamin D supplementation during the winter required 3 to 4 cups of cow's milk per day to maintain 25-hydroxyvitamin D >75 nmol/L. Cow's milk intake among children using a bottle did not increase 25-hydroxyvitamin D and resulted in more dramatic decreases in serum ferritin. CONCLUSIONS: There is a trade-off between increasing 25-hydroxyvitamin D and decreasing serum ferritin with increasing milk intake. Two cups of cow's milk per day appears sufficient to maintain healthy vitamin D and iron stores for most children. Wintertime vitamin D supplementation was particularly important among children with darker skin pigmentation.
Authors: Sarah Carsley; Cornelia M Borkhoff; Jonathon L Maguire; Catherine S Birken; Marina Khovratovich; Brian McCrindle; Colin Macarthur; Patricia C Parkin Journal: Int J Epidemiol Date: 2014-06-30 Impact factor: 7.196
Authors: Daniel J Raiten; Ramkripa Raghavan; Alexandra Porter; Julie E Obbagy; Joanne M Spahn Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Date: 2014-02-05 Impact factor: 7.045
Authors: Grace J Lee; Catherine S Birken; Patricia C Parkin; Gerald Lebovic; Yang Chen; Mary R L'Abbé; Jonathon L Maguire Journal: CMAJ Date: 2014-10-20 Impact factor: 8.262
Authors: Carol Ní Chaoimh; Elaine K McCarthy; Jonathan O'B Hourihane; Louise C Kenny; Alan D Irvine; Deirdre M Murray; Mairead E Kiely Journal: Eur J Nutr Date: 2016-12-26 Impact factor: 5.614