Cost-effectiveness of childhood influenza vaccination in England and Wales: Results from a dynamic transmission model.

This study uses a dynamic influenza transmission model to directly compare the cost-effectiveness of various policies of annual paediatric influenza vaccination in England and Wales, varying the target age range and level of coverage. The model accounts for both the protection of those immunised and the indirect protection of the rest of the population via herd immunity. The impact of augmenting current practice with a policy to vaccinate pre-school age children, on their own or with school age children, was assessed in terms of quality adjusted life years and health service costs. Vaccinating 2-18 year olds was estimated to be the most cost-effective policy in an incremental cost-effectiveness analysis, at an assumed annual vaccine uptake rate of 50%. The mean incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for this policy was estimated at £251/QALY relative to current practice. Paediatric vaccination would appear to be a highly cost-effective intervention that directly protects those targeted for vaccination, with indirect protection extending to both the very young and the elderly.