BACKGROUND: Using longitudinal and prospective measures of psychotic experiences during adolescence, we assessed the risk of developing psychosis in three groups showing low, increasing and elevated psychotic experiences associated with bullying by peers and cannabis use in a UK sample of adolescents. Method Data were collected by self-report from 1098 adolescents (mean age 13.6 years; 60.9% boys) at five separate time points, equally separated by 6 months, across a 24-month period. General growth mixture modelling identified three distinct trajectories of adolescents reporting psychotic experiences: elevated, increasing and low. RESULTS: Controlling for cannabis use, bullying by peers significantly predicted change in psychotic experiences between Time 2 and Time 5 in adolescents belonging to the increasing group. No effect was found for the elevated or low groups. Controlling for bullying, an earlier age of cannabis use and cannabis use more than twice significantly predicted change in psychotic experiences in adolescents belonging to the increasing group. Cannabis use at any age was significantly associated with subsequent change in psychotic experiences in the low group. Reverse causal associations were examined and there was no evidence for psychotic experiences at Time 1 predicting a subsequent change in cannabis use between Times 2 and 5 in any trajectory group. CONCLUSIONS: Bullying by peers and cannabis use are associated with adolescents' reports of increasing psychotic experiences over time. Further research into the longitudinal development of psychosis in adolescence and the associated risk factors would allow for early intervention programmes to be targeted more precisely.
BACKGROUND: Using longitudinal and prospective measures of psychotic experiences during adolescence, we assessed the risk of developing psychosis in three groups showing low, increasing and elevated psychotic experiences associated with bullying by peers and cannabis use in a UK sample of adolescents. Method Data were collected by self-report from 1098 adolescents (mean age 13.6 years; 60.9% boys) at five separate time points, equally separated by 6 months, across a 24-month period. General growth mixture modelling identified three distinct trajectories of adolescents reporting psychotic experiences: elevated, increasing and low. RESULTS: Controlling for cannabis use, bullying by peers significantly predicted change in psychotic experiences between Time 2 and Time 5 in adolescents belonging to the increasing group. No effect was found for the elevated or low groups. Controlling for bullying, an earlier age of cannabis use and cannabis use more than twice significantly predicted change in psychotic experiences in adolescents belonging to the increasing group. Cannabis use at any age was significantly associated with subsequent change in psychotic experiences in the low group. Reverse causal associations were examined and there was no evidence for psychotic experiences at Time 1 predicting a subsequent change in cannabis use between Times 2 and 5 in any trajectory group. CONCLUSIONS: Bullying by peers and cannabis use are associated with adolescents' reports of increasing psychotic experiences over time. Further research into the longitudinal development of psychosis in adolescence and the associated risk factors would allow for early intervention programmes to be targeted more precisely.
Authors: Louisa Degenhardt; Sukanta Saha; Carmen C W Lim; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola; Ali Al-Hamzawi; Jordi Alonso; Laura H Andrade; Evelyn J Bromet; Ronny Bruffaerts; José Miguel Caldas-de-Almeida; Giovanni de Girolamo; Silvia Florescu; Oye Gureje; Josep M Haro; Elie G Karam; Georges Karam; Viviane Kovess-Masfety; Sing Lee; Jean-Pierre Lepine; Victor Makanjuola; Maria E Medina-Mora; Zeina Mneimneh; Fernando Navarro-Mateu; Marina Piazza; José Posada-Villa; Nancy A Sampson; Kate M Scott; Juan Carlos Stagnaro; Margreet Ten Have; Kenneth S Kendler; Ronald C Kessler; John J McGrath Journal: Addiction Date: 2018-02-21 Impact factor: 6.526
Authors: Josiane Bourque; Philip A Spechler; Stéphane Potvin; Robert Whelan; Tobias Banaschewski; Arun L W Bokde; Uli Bromberg; Christian Büchel; Erin Burke Quinlan; Sylvane Desrivières; Herta Flor; Vincent Frouin; Penny Gowland; Andreas Heinz; Bernd Ittermann; Jean-Luc Martinot; Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot; Sarah C McEwen; Frauke Nees; Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos; Tomáš Paus; Luise Poustka; Michael N Smolka; Nora C Vetter; Henrik Walter; Gunter Schumann; Hugh Garavan; Patricia J Conrod Journal: Am J Psychiatry Date: 2017-03-21 Impact factor: 18.112
Authors: Alexandros Rammos; Sarah A Sullivan; Daphne Kounali; Hannah J Jones; Gemma Hammerton; Lindsey A Hines; Glyn Lewis; Peter B Jones; Mary Cannon; Andrew Thompson; Dieter Wolke; Jon Heron; Stanley Zammit Journal: Br J Psychiatry Date: 2021-10-06 Impact factor: 10.671
Authors: Martin Debbané; George Salaminios; Patrick Luyten; Deborah Badoud; Marco Armando; Alessandra Solida Tozzi; Peter Fonagy; Benjamin K Brent Journal: Front Hum Neurosci Date: 2016-08-22 Impact factor: 3.169
Authors: Antonella Trotta; Marta Di Forti; Valeria Mondelli; Paola Dazzan; Carmine Pariante; Anthony David; Alice Mulè; Laura Ferraro; Ivan Formica; Robin M Murray; Helen L Fisher Journal: Schizophr Res Date: 2013-07-26 Impact factor: 4.939