OBJECTIVES: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increased risk of Parkinson disease (PD) in many but not all epidemiologic studies, giving rise to speculations about modifying factors. A recent animal study suggested that the combination of TBI with subthreshold paraquat exposure increases dopaminergic neurodegeneration. The objective of our study was to investigate PD risk due to both TBI and paraquat exposure in humans. METHODS: From 2001 to 2011, we enrolled 357 incident idiopathic PD cases and 754 population controls in central California. Study participants were asked to report all head injuries with loss of consciousness for >5 minutes. Paraquat exposure was assessed via a validated geographic information system (GIS) based on records of pesticide applications to agricultural crops in California since 1974. This GIS tool assesses ambient pesticide exposure within 500 m of residences and workplaces. RESULTS: In logistic regression analyses, we observed a 2-fold increase in risk of PD for subjects who reported a TBI (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28-3.14) and a weaker association for paraquat exposures (AOR 1.36, 95% CI 1.02-1.81). However, the risk of developing PD was 3-fold higher (AOR 3.01, 95% CI 1.51-6.01) in study participants with a TBI and exposure to paraquat than those exposed to neither risk factor. CONCLUSIONS: While TBI and paraquat exposure each increase the risk of PD moderately, exposure to both factors almost tripled PD risk. These environmental factors seem to act together to increase PD risk in a more than additive manner.
OBJECTIVES:Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increased risk of Parkinson disease (PD) in many but not all epidemiologic studies, giving rise to speculations about modifying factors. A recent animal study suggested that the combination of TBI with subthreshold paraquat exposure increases dopaminergic neurodegeneration. The objective of our study was to investigate PD risk due to both TBI and paraquat exposure in humans. METHODS: From 2001 to 2011, we enrolled 357 incident idiopathic PD cases and 754 population controls in central California. Study participants were asked to report all head injuries with loss of consciousness for >5 minutes. Paraquat exposure was assessed via a validated geographic information system (GIS) based on records of pesticide applications to agricultural crops in California since 1974. This GIS tool assesses ambient pesticide exposure within 500 m of residences and workplaces. RESULTS: In logistic regression analyses, we observed a 2-fold increase in risk of PD for subjects who reported a TBI (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28-3.14) and a weaker association for paraquat exposures (AOR 1.36, 95% CI 1.02-1.81). However, the risk of developing PD was 3-fold higher (AOR 3.01, 95% CI 1.51-6.01) in study participants with a TBI and exposure to paraquat than those exposed to neither risk factor. CONCLUSIONS: While TBI and paraquat exposure each increase the risk of PD moderately, exposure to both factors almost tripled PD risk. These environmental factors seem to act together to increase PD risk in a more than additive manner.
Authors: Marina Frantseva; Jose Luis Perez Velazquez; Alexandre Tonkikh; Yana Adamchik; Peter L Carlen Journal: Prog Brain Res Date: 2002 Impact factor: 2.453
Authors: K L Newell; P Boyer; E Gomez-Tortosa; W Hobbs; E T Hedley-Whyte; J P Vonsattel; B T Hyman Journal: J Neuropathol Exp Neurol Date: 1999-12 Impact factor: 3.685
Authors: Douglas H Smith; Kunihiro Uryu; Kathryn E Saatman; John Q Trojanowski; Tracy K McIntosh Journal: Neuromolecular Med Date: 2003 Impact factor: 3.843
Authors: Kathryn M Taylor; Marie-Helene Saint-Hilaire; Lewis Sudarsky; David K Simon; Bonnie Hersh; David Sparrow; Howard Hu; Marc G Weisskopf Journal: Parkinsonism Relat Disord Date: 2015-12-19 Impact factor: 4.891
Authors: Raquel C Gardner; James F Burke; Jasmine Nettiksimmons; Sam Goldman; Caroline M Tanner; Kristine Yaffe Journal: Ann Neurol Date: 2015-03-28 Impact factor: 10.422
Authors: Ping Zheng; Sandy R Shultz; Chris M Hovens; Dennis Velakoulis; Nigel C Jones; Terence J O'Brien Journal: Mol Neurobiol Date: 2013-12-10 Impact factor: 5.590
Authors: Srishti Shrestha; Christine G Parks; David M Umbach; Marie Richards-Barber; Jonathan N Hofmann; Honglei Chen; Aaron Blair; Laura E Beane Freeman; Dale P Sandler Journal: Environ Res Date: 2020-09-10 Impact factor: 6.498