The prospect of induced pluripotent stem cells for diabetes mellitus treatment.

A continuous search for a permanent cure for diabetes mellitus is underway with several remarkable discoveries over the past few decades. One of these is the potential of pancreatic stem/progenitor cells to rejuvenate functional β cells. However, the existence of these cell populations is still obscure and a lack of phenotype characterization hampers their use in clinical settings. Cellular reprogramming through induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology can become an alternative strategy to generate insulin-producing cells in a relatively safe (autologous-derived cells, thus devoid of rejection risk) and efficient way (high cellular proliferation) but retain a precise morphological and genetic composition, similar to that of the native β cells. iPS cell technology is a technique of transducing any cell types with key transcription factors to yield embryonic-like stem cells with high clonogenicity and is able to give rise into all cell lineages from three germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm). This approach can generate β-like pancreatic cells that are fully functional as proven by either in vitro or in vivo studies. This novel proof-of-concept stem cell technology brings new expectations on applying stem cell therapy for diabetes mellitus in clinical settings.