Folic acid-conjugated LaF3:Yb,Tm@SiO2 nanoprobes for targeting dual-modality imaging of upconversion luminescence and X-ray computed tomography.

Development of multimodal contrast agents for in vivo simultaneous multimodality imaging is an emerging interdiscipline that is paving the avenue toward the goal of personalized medicine. Herein, folic acid-conjugated silica-modified LaF(3):Yb,Tm upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs@SiO(2)-FA) with high La content in a single particle were strategically designed and prepared for simultaneously targeting dual-modality imaging of upconversion luminescence (UCL) and X-ray computed tomography (CT). LaF(3) UCNPs were synthesized by a novel oleic acid (OA)/ionic liquid (IL) two-phase system. Afterward, a folic acid molecule was covalently anchored on the surface of UCNPs with a silane coupling agent. The UCNPs@SiO(2)-FA exhibits good stability, water dispersibility and solubility, low cytotoxicity, good biocompatibility, highly selective targeting, excellent X-ray attenuation, and UCL emission under excitation at 980 nm. In vivo UCL and CT images of mice show the UCNPs@SiO(2)-FA can be used in targeting dual-modality imaging. These results suggest that the as-prepared nanoprobe is a good candidate with excellent imaging and targeting ability for targeting dual-modality imaging of UCL and CT.