Glycemic management in medical and surgical patients in the non-ICU setting.

Hyperglycemia is commonly observed in hospitalized patients with and without previously known diabetes and is associated with adverse outcomes. For this reason, measurement of blood glucose (BG) is recommended for all patients at admission. Measurement of an A1C identifies patients with either newly recognized diabetes or uncontrolled diabetes. Current guidelines advise fasting and premeal BG <140 mg/dl, with maximal random BG <180 mg/dl for the majority of noncritically ill patients. Rational use of basal bolus insulin (BBI) regimens is effective in achieving these glycemic goals, with low risk for hypoglycemia. The safety of BBI relies upon provider knowledge for initiation and adjustment of insulin doses for changes in nutritional status or use of medications affecting glucose metabolism. Smooth transition of care to the outpatient setting is facilitated by providing oral and written instructions regarding timing and dosing of insulin, as well as education in basic skills for home management.