D D Lakudzala1, J J Khonje. 1. Department of Physics and Biochemistry, Polytechnic, University of Malawi. dlakudzala@polyac.mw
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Pregnant women in Malawi consume soil, but the nutritive potential of these soils is uncertain. METHODS: We collected 'edible' Malawian soil samples from Ndirande, Mpingwe and Soche hills and bought an Indian soil sample from a shop in Limbe and tested them for iron, calcium, zinc, magnesium, lead, pH, Bacillus and Clostridium, using standard methods of analyses. FINDINGS: Based on an average daily consumption of fifty grammes of soil, Blantyre 'edible' soils can supply 0.006%, 0.2%, 7% and 74% whilst the Indian soil may supply 0.008%, 0.27%, 8.7%, and 65% of the WHO recommended minimum daily intakes of Magnesium, Calcium, Zinc and iron, respectively. However, both the Blantyre and Indian 'edible' soils also have some traces of lead (0.05 to 0.07 mg/g soil) and spores of Bacillus (4900 - 13475 colonies/gram) and Clostridium (5050 - 9050 colonies/gram), which may have undesirable health effects. Blantyre soils were similar but significantly different from the Indian soil which had higher calcium, magnesium, zinc and lead but lower iron. CONCLUSION: The soils have nutritive potential, but they also have harmful aspects. Recommendation Further multidisciplinary research should be conducted to assess the nutritive potential of soils from other areas in Malawi and to examine the health effects of lead and bacterial spores.
BACKGROUND: Pregnant women in Malawi consume soil, but the nutritive potential of these soils is uncertain. METHODS: We collected 'edible' Malawian soil samples from Ndirande, Mpingwe and Soche hills and bought an Indian soil sample from a shop in Limbe and tested them for iron, calcium, zinc, magnesium, lead, pH, Bacillus and Clostridium, using standard methods of analyses. FINDINGS: Based on an average daily consumption of fifty grammes of soil, Blantyre 'edible' soils can supply 0.006%, 0.2%, 7% and 74% whilst the Indian soil may supply 0.008%, 0.27%, 8.7%, and 65% of the WHO recommended minimum daily intakes of Magnesium, Calcium, Zinc and iron, respectively. However, both the Blantyre and Indian 'edible' soils also have some traces of lead (0.05 to 0.07 mg/g soil) and spores of Bacillus (4900 - 13475 colonies/gram) and Clostridium (5050 - 9050 colonies/gram), which may have undesirable health effects. Blantyre soils were similar but significantly different from the Indian soil which had higher calcium, magnesium, zinc and lead but lower iron. CONCLUSION: The soils have nutritive potential, but they also have harmful aspects. Recommendation Further multidisciplinary research should be conducted to assess the nutritive potential of soils from other areas in Malawi and to examine the health effects of lead and bacterial spores.
Authors: P A Baghurst; A J McMichael; N R Wigg; G V Vimpani; E F Robertson; R J Roberts; S L Tong Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 1992-10-29 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: Marita Noguera-Obenza; Theresa J Ochoa; Henry F Gomez; M Lourdes Guerrero; Irene Herrera-Insua; Ardythe L Morrow; Guillermo Ruiz-Palacios; Larry K Pickering; Carlos A Guzman; Thomas G Cleary Journal: Emerg Infect Dis Date: 2003-05 Impact factor: 6.883
Authors: Aishatu L Adamu; Amelia Crampin; Ndoliwe Kayuni; Alemayehu Amberbir; Olivier Koole; Amos Phiri; Moffat Nyirenda; Paul Fine Journal: Popul Health Metr Date: 2017-03-29