Jie Lv1, Yufeng Tian. 1. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Rizhao People's Hospital, Rizhao 276826, China. lujie_rz@yahoo.com.cn
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Src tyrosine kinase inhibition on the drug-resistance as well as the expression of multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) and lung resistance-related protein (LRP) of the human cis-platinum-resistant lung cancer cell line A549/DDP. METHODS: 4-Anilinoquirazoline was used to inhibit Src tyrosine kinase activity in A549/DDP. Western blot analysis was used to detect the Src tyrosine kinase activity. CellTiter-Glo assay was used to detect the drug sensitivity of tumor cells. Flow cytometry was used to detect the intracellular Rh-123 content. Western blot and real-time PCR assay were used to detect the expression of tumor MDR1 and LRP. RESULTS: 4-Anilinoquirazoline can down-regulate the cellular Src tyrosine kinase activity in A549/DDP. After treatment with 2.5 μM and 10 μM of 4-anilinoquirazoline, the cells became more sensitive to the drug and the reversal folds (RFs) of tumor cell sensitivity to the drug were 1.59- and 2.10-fold, respectively. The intracellular content of Rh-123 improved by 1.21- and 1.59-fold, respectively. The mRNA levels of MDR1 were 53.8% and 27.5% of the control, respectively. The mRNA level of LRP was 59.3% and 21.4% of the control, respectively. The expression of MDR1 and LRP protein significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The inhibition of Src tyrosine kinase activity in A549/DDP cells can reverse multi-drug resistance and increase the sensitivity of the cells to the drug. The mechanism may be related to the down-regulation of cellular MDR1 and LRP.
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Src tyrosine kinase inhibition on the drug-resistance as well as the expression of multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) and lung resistance-related protein (LRP) of the humancis-platinum-resistant lung cancer cell line A549/DDP. METHODS:4-Anilinoquirazoline was used to inhibit Src tyrosine kinase activity in A549/DDP. Western blot analysis was used to detect the Src tyrosine kinase activity. CellTiter-Glo assay was used to detect the drug sensitivity of tumor cells. Flow cytometry was used to detect the intracellular Rh-123 content. Western blot and real-time PCR assay were used to detect the expression of tumorMDR1 and LRP. RESULTS:4-Anilinoquirazoline can down-regulate the cellular Src tyrosine kinase activity in A549/DDP. After treatment with 2.5 μM and 10 μM of 4-anilinoquirazoline, the cells became more sensitive to the drug and the reversal folds (RFs) of tumor cell sensitivity to the drug were 1.59- and 2.10-fold, respectively. The intracellular content of Rh-123 improved by 1.21- and 1.59-fold, respectively. The mRNA levels of MDR1 were 53.8% and 27.5% of the control, respectively. The mRNA level of LRP was 59.3% and 21.4% of the control, respectively. The expression of MDR1 and LRP protein significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The inhibition of Src tyrosine kinase activity in A549/DDP cells can reverse multi-drug resistance and increase the sensitivity of the cells to the drug. The mechanism may be related to the down-regulation of cellular MDR1 and LRP.
The effect of 4-anilinoquinazoline on A549/DDP cells proliferation and reversal effect of drug sensitivity
Src酪氨酸激酶抑制剂4-苯胺喹唑啉对A549/DDP细胞增殖的影响和对药物敏感性的逆转作用The effect of 4-anilinoquinazoline on A549/DDP cells proliferation and reversal effect of drug sensitivity
The effect of Src tyrosine kinase activity on the intracellular accumulation of rhodamine-123 in A549/DDP cells. A: The figure of the effect of Src tyrosine kinase activity on the mean fluorescence intensity of rhodamine-123 in A549/DDP cells; B: A graph representing the analysis of intracellular rhodamine-123 mean fluorescence intensity. Data presented are Mean±SD values from at least three independent experiments. Bars indicate SD.*, compared to control group, P < 0.05.
抑制Src酪氨酸激酶活性对A549/DDP细胞内Rh-123蓄积的影响The effect of Src tyrosine kinase activity on the intracellular accumulation of rhodamine-123 in A549/DDP cells. A: The figure of the effect of Src tyrosine kinase activity on the mean fluorescence intensity of rhodamine-123 in A549/DDP cells; B: A graph representing the analysis of intracellular rhodamine-123 mean fluorescence intensity. Data presented are Mean±SD values from at least three independent experiments. Bars indicate SD.*, compared to control group, P < 0.05.
The effect of Src tyrosine kinase activity inhibition on the mRNA expression of MDR1 and LRP in A549/DDP cells. Data presented are Mean±SD values from at least three independent experiments. Bars indicate SD.*, compared to control group, P < 0.05. MDR1: muti-drug resistance 1; LRP: lung resistance-related protein.
抑制Src酪氨酸激酶活性对A549/DDP细胞MDR1和LRP mRNA表达的影响。The effect of Src tyrosine kinase activity inhibition on the mRNA expression of MDR1 and LRP in A549/DDP cells. Data presented are Mean±SD values from at least three independent experiments. Bars indicate SD.*, compared to control group, P < 0.05. MDR1: muti-drug resistance 1; LRP: lung resistance-related protein.
抑制Src酪氨酸激酶活性可下调MDR1和LRP蛋白表达
Western blot检测显示,4-苯胺喹唑啉可降低A549/DDP细胞MDR1和LRP的蛋白水平,且呈现剂量依赖性(图 4),证明抑制Src酪氨酸激酶活性可下调肿瘤细胞MDR1和LRP蛋白表达,从而提高肿瘤细胞药物敏感性。
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抑制Src酪氨酸激酶活性对A549/DDP细胞MDR1和LRP蛋白表达的影响
The effect of Src tyrosine kinase activity inhibition on the protein expression of MDR1 and LRP in A549/DDP cells
抑制Src酪氨酸激酶活性对A549/DDP细胞MDR1和LRP蛋白表达的影响The effect of Src tyrosine kinase activity inhibition on the protein expression of MDR1 and LRP in A549/DDP cells
讨论
肿瘤细胞产生多药耐药性是临床应用化疗药物治疗肿瘤失败的主要原因,研究肿瘤产生多药耐药性的机制及解决方法对提高化疗药物的临床有效性具有重要意义。研究[显示,肿瘤细胞可通过多种机制产生耐药性:过表达ATP结合盒蛋白超家族(ATP-binding cassette protein super family)等跨膜蛋白基因,将进入肿瘤细胞内的药物被泵出,减少细胞内的药物浓度;过表达具有解毒和DNA修复功能的酶,使细胞毒药物效果减低;下调药物靶点分子表达,降低药物敏感性;激活抑癌基因,抑制药物所致的细胞凋亡等。其中,被广泛研究的机制是多药耐药蛋白MDR1及肺耐药相关蛋白LRP高表达所引起的耐药性,这些蛋白的表达降低肿瘤细胞内或者药物靶附近的药物浓度,导致给予的药物无法有效地到达治疗部位,从而产生耐药性[。PI3K-AKT通路是细胞内重要的信号转导通路,在细胞的增殖和生存中起着重要作用,在不同类型的肿瘤中均可见此信号通路的过度表达[,已有研究[表明PI3K/Akt路径的活化是肿瘤细胞对药物耐受的关键调控因素。Src酪氨酸激酶活化后,可激活下游PI3K-AKT信号通路,活化下游相关的信号转导通路,通过磷酸化IKKα/β蛋白,提高NF-κB活性,促进MDR1和LRP基因的转录。MDR1是能量依赖性跨膜糖蛋白,在肺癌组织中广泛表达,在正常肺组织中低水平表达或不表达。MDR1蛋白具有药泵功能,当肿瘤细胞膜上过度表达MDR1蛋白时,MDR1可结合抗肿瘤药物,通过ATP水解后释放的能量,主动将进入细胞内的药物泵出细胞外,降低细胞内药物的浓度,产生耐药[。LRP近年来被发现是重要的耐药基因,在肺癌中首先发现,是一种穹隆体主蛋白,在多种耐药细胞株中均有过度表达。LRP可参与组成核孔复合物(nuclear pore complex, NPC)参与细胞核与细胞质间物质交换以及细胞质中的囊泡运输。LRP比MDR1更早地表达在恶性肿瘤中,给予低浓度化疗药后即可见到LRP表达增加,而不需要高浓度化疗药刺激,其过度表达通过调节囊泡和核质的药物转运将药物储存于囊泡,减少其在核与胞质间的比例,可影响药物的胞内转运与分布而导致耐药[。由人肺癌细胞系A549连续暴露于顺铂后筛选出的耐药A549/DDP细胞除耐受顺铂外,还对VP-16和CBP交叉耐药,研究[显示该细胞的多药耐药性与MDR1和LRP的高表达密切相关,是一株良好的工具细胞。Src酪氨酸激酶在肿瘤形成和发展中的重要性已经被人们所熟知,Src的异常活化导致了细胞的癌变并赋予肿瘤细胞存活的能力[。同时,最近的研究[显示Src激酶还参与肿瘤细胞抵抗化疗药物,Src酪氨酸激酶抑制剂可以增加肿瘤细胞对化疗药物的敏感性,甚至逆转耐药性。Src酪氨酸激酶与肿瘤耐药性的关系并不十分清楚,Src酪氨酸激酶抑制剂在不同类型肿瘤耐药细胞上的作用值得深入研究。本研究显示,Src抑制剂4-苯胺喹唑啉可抑制A549/DDP细胞中Src的激酶活性,表现为Src自身磷酸化水平降低,并且CellTiter-Glo试验显示这种抑制作用可进一步转化为提高细胞对顺铂的敏感性。A549/DDP细胞耐药性的主要机制之一是MDR1和LRP过表达,使得细胞外排药物的能力增加导致药物在细胞中的浓度降低,因而其耐药性的逆转很可能与药物在细胞中的蓄积得以恢复有关。Rh-123作为MDR1的底物,可以指示细胞中该蛋白的功能强弱,并指示癌细胞对药物的外排作用,因此我们利用流式细胞术研究了Src抑制剂对细胞Rh-123含量的影响。结果显示,在Src抑制剂处理后,细胞的Rh-123含量明显提高,说明抑制Src酪氨酸激酶活性逆转A549/DDP细胞的耐药性与其抑制药物的外排、提高药物在细胞内的蓄积有关,与我们的推测一致。进一步的Western blot研究显示,抑制Src酪氨酸激酶活性下调了细胞MDR1和LRP蛋白的表达水平,与Rh-123含量实验的结果相符。而real-time PCR研究显示,抑制Src酪氨酸激酶活性下调MDR1和LRP蛋白的表达很可能是通过降低mRNA的转录水平来实现的,其机制可能是抑制Src酪氨酸激酶活性后,PI3K-AKT路径受到阻断,从而下调NF-κB等转录因子活性,降低了MDR1和LRP mRNA的转录水平。综上所述,本研究显示抑制Src酪氨酸激酶活性可逆转A549/DDP细胞多药耐药性,其机制可能与降低细胞MDR1和LRP的表达,恢复药物在细胞内的蓄积有关。本研究结果为靶向作用Src的药物运用与临床逆转MDR1或LRP介导的肺癌多药耐药提供了实验基础,其具体的作用机制有待进一步的研究。
Authors: Emma Sandilands; Bryan Serrels; David G McEwan; Jennifer P Morton; Juan Pablo Macagno; Kenneth McLeod; Craig Stevens; Valerie G Brunton; Wallace Y Langdon; Marcos Vidal; Owen J Sansom; Ivan Dikic; Simon Wilkinson; Margaret C Frame Journal: Nat Cell Biol Date: 2011-12-04 Impact factor: 28.824
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