Rui Zheng1, Xiaosong Qin, Wenjie Li, Jian Kang. 1. 2nd Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, Shengjing Hospital Affliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, China. zhengr@sj-hospital.org
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It has been proven that Src played pivotal roles in carcinogenesis, cancer progression and metastasis. The aim of this study is to explore the roles of Src phosphorylation on lung cancer cells. METHODS: Western blot and immunoprecipitation was used to detect the expression and phosphorylation of Src in lung cancer cells. MTT and Boyden chamber assay was used to examine the effects of inhibition of Src phosphorylation on proliferation and invasion of lung cancer cells in vitro, respectively. RESULTS: pp60src was expressed in all lung cancer cell lines in this study. All 5 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines had increased autophosphorylated tyrosine-418, while nearly no phosphorylated Src in small cell lung cancer SBC5 cell line was detected. The effect of inhibition of Src tyrosine kinase on cell proliferation varied among the lung cancer cell lines. Submicromolar Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor (≤1 μM) remarkably suppressed the proliferation of PC-9 and A549 cells in a dose dependent manner (P < 0.05), while the same concentration of Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor had no significant effect on proliferation of H226, PC14PE6 and RERFLCOK cells. Invasiveness of lung cancer cells was significantly suppressed by Src tyrosine kinase in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Phosphorylation of Src, but not over-expression, plays a pivotal role in proliferation and invasion of NSCLC cell lines in vitro.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It has been proven that Src played pivotal roles in carcinogenesis, cancer progression and metastasis. The aim of this study is to explore the roles of Src phosphorylation on lung cancer cells. METHODS: Western blot and immunoprecipitation was used to detect the expression and phosphorylation of Src in lung cancer cells. MTT and Boyden chamber assay was used to examine the effects of inhibition of Src phosphorylation on proliferation and invasion of lung cancer cells in vitro, respectively. RESULTS: pp60src was expressed in all lung cancer cell lines in this study. All 5 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines had increased autophosphorylated tyrosine-418, while nearly no phosphorylated Src in small cell lung cancer SBC5 cell line was detected. The effect of inhibition of Srctyrosine kinase on cell proliferation varied among the lung cancer cell lines. Submicromolar Srctyrosine kinase inhibitor (≤1 μM) remarkably suppressed the proliferation of PC-9 and A549 cells in a dose dependent manner (P < 0.05), while the same concentration of Srctyrosine kinase inhibitor had no significant effect on proliferation of H226, PC14PE6 and RERFLCOK cells. Invasiveness of lung cancer cells was significantly suppressed by Srctyrosine kinase in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Phosphorylation of Src, but not over-expression, plays a pivotal role in proliferation and invasion of NSCLC cell lines in vitro.
Expression and phosphorylation of Src in lung cancer cells. A: Expression and phosphorylation of Src in lung cancer cells by Western blot; B: The analysis of expression and phosphorylation of Src in lung cancer cells.
肺癌细胞中Src蛋白的表达和磷酸化。A:肺癌细胞中Src蛋白的表达和磷酸化的Western blot检测结果;B:肺癌细胞中Src蛋白的表达和磷酸化的分析图。Expression and phosphorylation of Src in lung cancer cells. A: Expression and phosphorylation of Src in lung cancer cells by Western blot; B: The analysis of expression and phosphorylation of Src in lung cancer cells.
Effect of Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor on Src expression and phosphorylation in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells
Src酪氨酸激酶抑制剂对NSCLC细胞中Src蛋白表达和磷酸化的作用Effect of Srctyrosine kinase inhibitor on Src expression and phosphorylation in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells
Effect of Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor on NSCLC cell invasiveness. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 vs control group.
Src酪氨酸激酶抑制剂对NSCLC细胞体外侵袭浸润的影响Effect of Srctyrosine kinase inhibitor on NSCLC cell invasivenessSrc酪氨酸激酶抑制剂对NSCLC细胞体外侵袭浸润的影响。与对照组相比,*P < 0.05,***P < 0.001。Effect of Srctyrosine kinase inhibitor on NSCLC cell invasiveness. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 vs control group.
讨论
人类很多肿瘤都涉及到原癌基因的异常表达和活化。虽然大多数原癌基因产物的生物化学功能还不是很清楚,它们当中的一些原癌基因产物具有蛋白酪氨酸激酶活性,其中pp60src是研究最广泛的蛋白激酶。肺癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌和胰腺癌等很多肿瘤都存在Src蛋白的过度表达和/或活化[。本研究发现,NSCLC中Src蛋白的活化和Src蛋白的表达不同步。本实验所用的5种NSCLC细胞都存在Src蛋白的表达和活化,但是Src蛋白的表达水平无明显增加,只有肺腺癌A549细胞的Src蛋白水平略高于正常支气管上皮细胞中的水平,肺腺癌PC-9细胞中的Src蛋白水平与正常接近,而其余的肺腺癌细胞PC14PE6、RERFLCOK和肺鳞癌H226中Src蛋白的表达都明显低于正常水平。与之相反的是,NSCLC中Src蛋白的自主磷酸化(SrcpY418)水平都高于正常支气管上皮细胞,特别是腺癌中Src蛋白的自主磷酸化水平明显高于正常。这与Masaki等[学者的研究结果是一致的。此外,Rosen等[也发现和正常乳腺组织相比,乳腺肿瘤的Src激酶活性明显增高,而Src蛋白的表达相对正常。因此可以推测,在NSCLC中,Src激酶活性增高不是或不完全由于Src蛋白表达的增加。Src蛋白的活化,而不是过度表达,可能在NSCLC进展过程中发挥更重要的作用。NSCLC中Src蛋白活化的方式是多种多样的[。本研究发现,人NSCLC中正常调节自主磷酸化位点酪氨酸418(SrcpY418)的直接磷酸化明显增高。另有报道[,肺腺癌中存在Src蛋白酪氨酸530的解磷酸化。此外,Src作为胞浆内蛋白,能与细胞膜上的许多生长因子受体相互作用,进而激活Src蛋白[。激活的Src蛋白使其下游信号发生瀑布效应,通过组织丝裂原活化的蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinase, MAPK)以及信号传导和转录激活因子3(signal transducers and activators of transcription 3, STAT3)信号通路促进肿瘤细胞增殖和转移;通过血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)和上皮基质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT)促进肿瘤新生血管形成、浸润和转移[。研究[表明,肺腺癌中Src蛋白活化程度和腺癌肿块的大小相关,说明Src蛋白的活化能促进肺腺癌增殖和进展。前期的研究[发现,抑制Src酪氨酸激酶自主磷酸化,能够抑制肺腺癌细胞的体内外增殖和体外浸润。在此基础上,本研究进一步探讨了Src酪氨酸激酶抑制剂对5种不同的NSCLC细胞的作用。结果表明,亚微摩尔Src酪氨酸激酶抑制剂抑制Src自主磷酸化,灭活Src蛋白,能够明显抑制Src蛋白自主磷酸化水平较高的肺腺癌PC-9和A549细胞的体外增殖和浸润。1 μM Src酪氨酸激酶抑制剂对PC14PE6和H226细胞的游走浸润也有明显的抑制作用,而1 μM Src酪氨酸激酶抑制剂对PC14PE6、H226和RERFLCOK细胞的增殖则没有明显的抑制作用。因此,活化的Src蛋白在NSCLC细胞体外增殖和浸润中发挥着重要作用,同一肿瘤的不同类型,Src蛋白对细胞增殖和浸润的影响可能是不同的[,Src蛋白自主磷酸化水平较高的NSCLC细胞可能对Src酪氨酸激酶抑制剂更敏感。另一方面,抑制NSCLC体外侵袭浸润所需的浓度明显低于抑制细胞增殖所需的浓度,提示Src蛋白调节细胞增殖和浸润的方式以及信号传导通路可能是不同的[。与NSCLC相反,本研究观察到小细胞肺癌SBC5细胞中Src蛋白的表达和活化程度都很低,Src蛋白的表达水平仅为正常支气管上皮细胞的38%,而SrcpY418检测不出。因此,与Src蛋白在NSCLC,特别是腺癌中的作用相比,Src蛋白在小细胞肺癌进展中的作用有限,这还有待深入研究。综上所述,Src蛋白的活化,而不是过度表达,在NSCLC细胞体外增殖和浸润中发挥着重要作用,其机制有待进一步探讨。Src酪氨酸激酶抑制剂可以选择性用于Src蛋白高度活化的NSCLC的分子靶向治疗。
Authors: T Masaki; K Igarashi; M Tokuda; S Yukimasa; F Han; Y J Jin; J Q Li; H Yoneyama; N Uchida; J Fujita; H Yoshiji; S Watanabe; K Kurokohchi; S Kuriyama Journal: Eur J Cancer Date: 2003-07 Impact factor: 9.162