BACKGROUND: The Detection of Ischemia in Asymptomatic Diabetics (DIAD) study demonstrated a low 5-year hard cardiac event rate. We hypothesized that a blunted heart rate response (HRR, maximum percent change) to adenosine, a simple marker of cardiac autonomic neuropathy, will identify a cohort at higher cardiac risk. METHODS: In DIAD, 518 participants were randomized toscreening adenosine myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) and had available data. HRR <20% was considered abnormal. The primary endpoint was a composite of nonfatal myocardial infarction and cardiac death. RESULTS: During 4.7 ± 0.9 years of follow-up 15 (3%) participants experienced the primary outcome. Participants with lower HRR experienced more events than those with higher HRR (8%, 3%, 1%, for HRR <20% (n=79), 20-39% (n=182) and ≥ 40% (n=257), respectively, p=0.01). In a Cox proportional regression model that included MPI abnormalities and HRR, both were independently associated with cardiac events (p for model <0.001). HRR <20% was associated with 9-fold increased risk (p=0.007) and moderate/large abnormal MPI was associated with 6-fold increased risk (p=0.004). Participants with both abnormal MPI and HRR (n=8) were at highest risk for cardiac events (38%) whereas those with HRR ≥ 40%, irrespective of MPI abnormalities (n=234), were at extremely low risk (≤1%, log-rank p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In DIAD, abnormal HRR to adenosine infusion is an independent predictor of cardiac events. This easily obtained marker of cardiac autonomic neuropathy identifies asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at increased risk, particularly when associated with abnormal MPI, who may warrant further testing and more aggressive cardiovascular risk factor management.
RCT Entities:
BACKGROUND: The Detection of Ischemia in Asymptomatic Diabetics (DIAD) study demonstrated a low 5-year hard cardiac event rate. We hypothesized that a blunted heart rate response (HRR, maximum percent change) to adenosine, a simple marker of cardiac autonomic neuropathy, will identify a cohort at higher cardiac risk. METHODS: In DIAD, 518 participants were randomized to screening adenosine myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) and had available data. HRR <20% was considered abnormal. The primary endpoint was a composite of nonfatal myocardial infarction and cardiac death. RESULTS: During 4.7 ± 0.9 years of follow-up 15 (3%) participants experienced the primary outcome. Participants with lower HRR experienced more events than those with higher HRR (8%, 3%, 1%, for HRR <20% (n=79), 20-39% (n=182) and ≥ 40% (n=257), respectively, p=0.01). In a Cox proportional regression model that included MPI abnormalities and HRR, both were independently associated with cardiac events (p for model <0.001). HRR <20% was associated with 9-fold increased risk (p=0.007) and moderate/large abnormal MPI was associated with 6-fold increased risk (p=0.004). Participants with both abnormal MPI and HRR (n=8) were at highest risk for cardiac events (38%) whereas those with HRR ≥ 40%, irrespective of MPI abnormalities (n=234), were at extremely low risk (≤1%, log-rank p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In DIAD, abnormal HRR to adenosine infusion is an independent predictor of cardiac events. This easily obtained marker of cardiac autonomic neuropathy identifies asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at increased risk, particularly when associated with abnormal MPI, who may warrant further testing and more aggressive cardiovascular risk factor management.
Authors: Rodica Pop-Busui; Gregory W Evans; Hertzel C Gerstein; Vivian Fonseca; Jerome L Fleg; Byron J Hoogwerf; Saul Genuth; Richard H Grimm; Marshall A Corson; Ronald Prineas Journal: Diabetes Care Date: 2010-03-09 Impact factor: 19.112
Authors: Shanti Bansal; Frans J Th Wackers; Silvio E Inzucchi; Deborah A Chyun; Janice A Davey; Lawrence H Staib; Lawrence H Young Journal: Diabetes Care Date: 2010-10-07 Impact factor: 19.112
Authors: Cornelis J Roos; Roxana Djaberi; Joanne D Schuijf; Eelco J de Koning; Ton J Rabelink; Jan W Smit; Alberto M Pereira; Imad Al Younis; Bernies van der Hiel; Arthur J Scholte; Jeroen J Bax; J Wouter Jukema Journal: Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging Date: 2011-08-18 Impact factor: 9.236