Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of AZD8055 in advanced solid tumours and lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: This study assessed the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the first-in-class dual mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC)1/mTORC2 inhibitor, AZD8055.
METHODS: Patients with advanced solid malignancies or lymphomas were recruited into this phase I, open-label, dose-escalation study of AZD8055 starting at 10 mg twice-daily oral dosing (BID).
RESULTS: Forty-nine patients received AZD8055. Dose-limiting toxicities were reported at 40 mg (n=1), 90 mg (n=1) and 120 mg (n=3) BID; all were grade 3 rises in transaminases, reversible in all patients, apart from one who had liver metastases. The maximum tolerated dose was defined as 90 mg BID. The most frequent adverse events assessed to be related to AZD8055 were increased alanine aminotransferase (22%), increased aspartate aminotransferase (22%) and fatigue (16%). AZD8055 was rapidly absorbed (median t(max) ∼0.5 h) and exposure increased with increasing doses. Seven patients had stable disease for ≥ 4 months. Partial metabolic responses, assessed by fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, were observed at ≥ 40 mg BID (n=8 at day 35).
CONCLUSION: The maximum tolerated dose for AZD8055 is 90 mg BID. Apart from elevated transaminases, which occurred at most dose levels, the drug had an acceptable toxicity profile; however, no RECIST responses were seen.

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) forms two multiprotein kinase complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which regulate cell growth, survival and autophagy (Guertin and Sabatini, 2007). Dysfunction of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway has been implicated in a wide range of cancers (Vivanco and Sawyers, 2002; Faivre ; Liu ). Increased mTORC1 and mTORC2 activity is associated with high levels of downstream pS6K and p4E-BP1, and pAKT levels, respectively (Guertin and Sabatini, 2007; Carew ). Thus, the mTOR kinase presents an attractive therapeutic target for anticancer drugs. Rapamycin is a selective allosteric inhibitor of mTORC1. The mTORC1 is largely considered to be rapamycin sensitive, but recent evidence suggests that the 4E-BP1 substrate is partially resistant to rapamycin (Feldman ; Thoreen ). This could account for the limited success of this agent as a clinical anticancer therapy. In contrast, mTORC2 is thought to be rapamycin insensitive (Feldman ), except after prolonged exposure, which reduces mTORC2 activity in some cell types (Sarbassov ).

Studies of everolimus have demonstrated that suppression of tumour growth is associated with inactivation of S6K1 and reduced 4E-BP1 phosphorylation at the threonine70 site (Boulay ; O’Donnell ). Preclinical data have also suggested that the clinical efficacy of rapamycin and its derivatives may be limited by the loss of the feedback inhibition loop, resulting in the activation of AKT via mTORC2 (Boulay ; O’Reilly ; Cloughesy ). Consistent with this, increased AKT phosphorylation has been frequently observed in tumour tissue samples from patients treated with rapamycin (Gupta ). There are two rapalogues (everolimus and temsirolimus) currently licensed for treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours and mantle cell lymphomas, respectively (Europeans Medicines Agency, 2011, 2012). Both rapalogues are also licensed for treatment of renal cell carcinoma (Europeans Medicines Agency, 2011, 2012). However, primary and acquired resistance to rapalogues are frequently observed in patients with advanced cancer, motivating the search for novel non-allosteric compounds, which target the mTOR kinase and subsequent mTORC1 and mTORC2 functions (Albert ).

AZD8055 is a first-in-class dual mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitor, which was shown to prevent the mTORC2-mediated AKT activation seen with rapalogues in preclinical models (Chresta ). A preclinical study in vitro demonstrated that AZD8055 potently inhibits AKT on the mTORC2 site, serine473 and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation on the rapamycin-resistant threonine37/46 sites (Chresta ). In the same study, in vivo data suggested that a broad spectrum of tumours may be responsive to treatment with AZD8055 and associated with reduced levels of pAKT and pS6 (Chresta ). The aim of this phase I study was to assess the safety, tolerability, preliminary efficacy, pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profile of AZD8055 in patients with advanced solid malignancies or lymphomas.

Objectives

The primary objective of the study was to assess the safety and tolerability of AZD8055 in patients with advanced solid tumours or lymphomas. The secondary objectives of the study were to determine the PK profile of AZD8055 following both single and multiple dosing, and to evaluate the role of renal excretion in the disposition of AZD8055; to evaluate phosphorylation levels of AKT on serine473 and of 4E-BP1 on threonine37/46 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) following treatment with AZD8055; to evaluate efficacy based on best overall response of AZD8055 defined by the Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST v1.0); and to determine inhibition of tumour glucose uptake by assessment with fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET).

Materials and methods

Patients and trial design

Patients ⩾18 years with a histological or cytological confirmed diagnosis of a refractory advanced solid malignancy or lymphoma were eligible for inclusion. Patients were required to have a World Health Organization performance status of 0–2 with 21 days of wash out from prior treatment with chemotherapy, biological therapy, radiation therapy or other investigational anticancer therapy (not including palliative radiotherapy at focal sites). Patients were required to have adequate bone marrow, renal and hepatic function. Additional inclusion/exclusion criteria are provided in the Supplementary Section. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients before entering the study. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

This was a multicentre, open-label, dose-escalation, safety and tolerability study of AZD8055 in patients with advanced solid tumours or lymphomas (NCT00731263). The study was conducted in four centres: Surrey, UK; Clichy, France; NY, USA and TX, USA. Eligible patients received a single dose of AZD8055 on day 1 followed 1 week later by continuous twice-daily (BID) dosing. Dosing was continued until disease progression or unmanageable drug-related toxicity. The starting dose of AZD8055 was 10 mg with each subsequent cohort receiving an increased dose of AZD8055, determined by the Safety Review Committee (SRC), until a non-tolerated dose was reached. Following cohort 3, the study incorporated a switch from solution to the tablet formation for subsequent cohorts. Patients were required to fast for at least 1 h pre-dose and 1 h post dose.

Safety

Assessments conducted at screening, and throughout the study, included physical examination, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, vital signs, biochemistry, haematology and urinalysis. All adverse events (AEs) were recorded from the time of informed consent until 30 days after study treatment was discontinued, using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria (CTC) v3.0 for AEs.

Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was defined as any AE of CTC grade ⩾3 or laboratory abnormality (clinical chemistry, coagulation, haematology or urinalysis) together with clinical signs and symptoms within 42 days of first dose. During the study, the SRC decided to extend the DLT period from 35 to 42 days of first dose, to appropriately assess transaminase effects. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was defined as the last dose tested below the non-tolerated dose. A dose was considered to be non-tolerated if ⩾2/6 evaluable patients experienced a DLT, or if ⩾2/3 evaluable patients experienced a DLT in the two lowest dose cohorts if they contained three patients.

PK analysis

Non-compartmental PK analysis was conducted by the Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, AstraZeneca using WinNonLin v4.1 (Pharsight Corporation, Mountain View, CA, USA). The lower-limit quantification of AZD8055 was 0.05 ng ml−1. The plasma PK parameters for a single dose included the maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach Cmax (tmax), terminal elimination half-life (t1/2), area under the plasma concentration–time curve from zero to infinity (AUC), area under the plasma concentration–time curve from zero to time of the last quantifiable concentration (AUC0–t), area under the plasma concentration–time curve from zero to 12 h post dose (AUC0–12), total apparent drug clearance (CL/F) and apparent steady-state volume of distribution (Vss/F). The steady-state plasma PK parameters following BID multiple dosing for 28 days included Cmax ss, tmax ss, observed trough concentrations of drug during the dosing interval (Cmin ss), t1/2 ss, AUCss, CLss/F, accumulation ratio (Rac) and temporal change from single dose to steady state (Tc; often referred to as linearity factor). Urine PK parameters following a single dose included the renal clearance of drug from plasma (CLR) and fraction dose excreted unchanged in the urine expressed as a percentage (fe%).

Serial blood samples were taken pre-dose and then at specified time-points throughout days 1, 11, 15, 22 and 35 for PK analysis. Serial urine samples were collected at pre-dose and throughout the 24-h period after first dosing with AZD8055.

PD analysis and tumour assessments

Additional blood samples were taken for PBMC assessments pre-dose, 2, 8 and 24 h post dose on day 1. The phosphorylation levels of AKT and 4E-BP1 were assessed by using specific antibodies to the activated target in mesoscale detection and FACS assays, respectively.

A baseline RECIST assessment by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis was performed before study treatment, and subsequent assessments were performed every 8 weeks.

Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography was performed at screening on patients with solid tumours with measurable lesions per RECIST and all patients with lymphoma. If significant evaluable tumour FDG uptake was present at screening, an additional scan was performed 3–4 h post dose on day 11 and at the end of cycle 1 (3–4 h post dose). The metabolic response was assessed by observing the percentage change in the standard uptake value (SUVmax) from baseline at each post-dose assessment. A metabolic response was defined as a decrease in SUVmax>25%, as per EORTC recommendations (Young ). A local protocol amendment was implemented at one site to allow optional collection of pre- and post-dose paired tumour biopsies at screening and at day 15 of BID dosing. Immunohistochemistry analysis of the paired tumour biopsy samples included (but was not limited to) pAKT and pS6.

Results

A total of 64 patients were enrolled into the study, of whom 49 were included in the safety, PK and efficacy analyses having received at least one dose of study treatment. The reasons for screening failure include: incorrect enrolment (n=11), screen failed in error (n=1), consent withdrawn (n=2) and AE (n=1). Patient demographics are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Summary of patient demographics

Demographic	Total ( n =49)
Age, median (range)	57 (26–76)
Sex, n (%)
Male	20 (41)
Female	29 (59)
WHO performance status, n (%)
0	25 (51)
1	23 (47)
2	1 (2)
Primary tumour location, n (%)
Colorectal	16 (33)
Uterus	6 (12)
Head and neck	5 (10)
Skin/soft tissue	4 (8)
Ovary	3 (6)
Renal	3 (6)
Other	12 (25)
Locally advanced, n (%)
Yes	15 (31)
No	34 (69)
Prior treatment, n (%)
Radiotherapy	27 (55)
Chemotherapy	44 (90)
Prior regimens
1–2	21 (43)
3–6	17 (35)
>6	9 (18)

Abbreviation: WHO=World Health Organization.

Patients who received 75% of the specified dose during the 28-day period of cycle 1 and had sufficient safety evaluations, or patients who experienced a DLT, were considered evaluable (n=42/49). Seven cohorts were completed as follows: oral solution; 10, 20 and 40 mg BID, tablet; 40, 60, 90 and 120 mg BID.

The median duration of exposure to AZD8055 across all cohorts was 62 days. The most frequent AEs assessed by the investigator to be related to AZD8055 were as follows: increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT; 22%), increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST; 22%) and fatigue (16% Table 2). A summary of AEs occurring in ⩾15% of all patients is provided in the Supplementary Section.

Table 2

Summary of AEs considered to be AZD8055-related by the investigator occurring in ⩾10% of all patients, by preferred term

	Total ( n =49; %)			10 mg BID solution (n=5; %)		20 mg BID solution (n=3; %)		40 mg BID solution (n=6; %)		40 mg BID tablet (n=7; %)		60 mg BID tablet (n=7; %)		90 mg BID tablet (n=11; %)		120 mg BID tablet (n=10; %)
CTCAE grade	1–2	⩾3	Any grade occurring in cycle 1/2	1–2	⩾3	1–2	⩾3	1–2	⩾3	1–2	⩾3	1–2	⩾3	1–2	⩾3	1–2	⩾3
Nausea	7 (14)	0	7 (14)	2 (40)	0	1 (33)	0	0	0	1 (14)	0	0	0	2 (18)	0	1 (10)	0
Stomatitis	6 (12)	0	6 (12)	0	0	1 (33)	0	1 (17)	0	0	0	0	0	2 (18)	0	2 (20)	0
Increased ALT	5 (10)	6 (12)	11 (22)	1 (20)	0	0	1 (33)	0	1 (17)	0	1 (14)	1 (14)	0	2 (18)	1 (9)	1 (10)	2 (20)
Increased AST	4 (8)	7 (14)	11 (22)	1 (20)	0	0	1 (33)	0	1 (17)	0	0	1 (14)	1 (14)	1 (9)	2 (18)	1 (10)	2 (20)
Increased GGT	3 (6)	2 (4)	5 (10)	0	0	0	0	1 (17)	0	0	0	1 (14)	1 (14)	0	1 (9)	1 (10)	0
Fatigue	8 (16)	0	8 (16)	1 (20)	0	0	0	2 (33)	0	1 (14)	0	1 (14)	0	1 (9)	0	2 (20)	0
Hyperglycaemia	6 (12)	0	6 (12)	0	0	0	0	0	0	1 (14)	0	0	0	3 (27)	0	2 (20)	0

Abbreviations: AEs=adverse events; ALT=alanine aminotransferase; AST=aspartate aminotransferase; BID=twice-daily; CTCAE=Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events; GGT=gamma-glutamyltransferase.

Tolerability, DLTs and MTD

During the study, three patients (6%) required dose reductions as a result of increased transaminases, assessed to be AZD8055-related: one dose reduction each in the 60, 90 and 120 mg BID tablet groups. Within cycles 1 and 2, 11 patients (22%) had a dose interruption, 7 of which were because of an AE. The AEs which led to a dose interruption and were assessed to be AZD8055-related in cycles 1 and 2 were as follows: increased lipase (n=1), increased ALT (n=1) and increased blood creatine phosphokinase (n=1). In the 120 mg BID cohort, four DLTs of grade 3 rise in transaminases (in the absence of elevated bilirubin levels) were reported in 3/9 patients evaluable for DLT. BID of 120 mg, therefore, met the definition of a non-tolerated dose. The same DLT was also reported with the 40 mg BID solution (n=1/6) and 90 mg BID tablet (n=1/9; Table 3). The MTD was therefore defined as 90 mg BID.

Table 3

Summary of DLTs

DLTs	CTCAE grade	Totala (%)
Increased ALT	3	3 (6)
Increased AST	3	3 (6)
Increased transaminasesb	3	2 (4)

Abbreviations: ALT=alanine aminotransferase; AST=aspartate aminotransferase; CTCAE=Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events; DLTs, dose-limiting toxicities.

A patient may have experienced more than one DLT.

Aminotransferases not specified.

All DLTs resolved within 71 days, apart from one occurrence in the 120 mg BID cohort that was reported as ongoing in a patient who had liver metastases at the time of the data cutoff. In the 13 patients with increased serum transaminases, of either a 2 grade shift from baseline and/or an on-treatment value of CTC grade 3, onset occurred between days 1 and 56 of dosing. For 7 of these patients, the onset was between days 22 and 35. In all instances of increased transaminases, the rises were reversible and resolved back to baseline or normal values in the majority of cases on dose reduction or interruption.

AZD8055 was orally bioavailable, rapidly absorbed (median tmax of ∼0.5 h) and rapidly eliminated (mean t1/2 of 1.7–3.1 h) following single and multiple doses across all cohorts (Table 4). Single-dose PK parameters at the MTD were Cmax, 70.1 ng ml−1 (CV 94.2%); tmax, 0.5 h; and t1/2, 2.36 h. Geomean plasma concentration–time plots for all cohorts are presented in Figure 1.

Table 4

Summary of pharmacokinetic parameter data

	10 mg solution (n=5)	20 mg solution (n=3)	40 mg solution (n=6)	40 mg tablet (n=7)	60 mg tablet (n=7)	90 mg tablet (n=11)	120 mg tablet (n=10)
Following single dose
Cmax (ng ml−1)
Gmean (range)	16.8 (13.5–25.0)	27.0 (16.2–72.5)	70.9 (37.4–102)	72.3 (25.5–148)	57.1 (18.3–341)	70.1 (16.9–322)	177 (22.0–538)
% CV	29.3	91.9	34.3	48.3	121.0	94.2	68.5
AUC (ng h ml−1)
Gmean (range)	24.5 (16.5–35.5)	43.7 (22.7–79.3)	101 (63.8–212)	127 (40.4–240)	136 (31.8–429)	134 (27.5–460)	294 (122–530)
% CV	33.2	57.5	49.1	48.5	75.0	76.0	47.0
AUC0–12 (ng h ml−1)
Gmean (range)	24.1 (16.2–35.4)	43.3 (22.6–78.6)	99.4 (63.5–208)	124 (40.3–230)	131 (31.3–419)	130 (27.4–427)	280 (104–525)
%CV	33.2	57.4	48.7	46.8	76.0	75.0	47.0
CL/F (l h−1)
Amean (range)	426 (282–608)	522 (252–882)	424 (189–627)	382 (167–989)	604 (140–1890)	946 (196–3280)	473 (227–984)
S.d.	139	325	152	291	591	895	283
Vss/F (l)
Amean (range)	884 (547–1200)	1049 (460–1500)	840 (434–1260)	762 (406–1880)	1767 (320–4320)	2454 (582–6570)	1372 (376–5070)
S.d.	281	533	329	506	1406	2103	1378
t1/2 (h)
Amean (range)	2.43 (1.73–3.31)	1.86 (1.25–2.18)	2.65 (1.75–4.32)	2.28 (1.53–4.04)	2.37 (1.41–2.89)	2.36 (1.35–5.37)	3.14 (1.82–7.73)
S.d.	0.664	0.524	1.09	0.830	0.478	1.09	1.72
tmax (h)
Median (range)	0.50 (0.5–0.5)	0.50 (0.5–0.5)	0.37 (0.25–0.5)	1.00 (0.25–1)	0.50 (0.25–3)	1.00 (0.25–4)	0.50 (0.25–1)
CLR (l h−1)
Amean (n) (range)	0.117 (4) (0.0340–0.191)	0.0772 (3) (0.0129–0.182)	0.107 (5) (0.0320–0.213)	0.221 (6) (0.0425–0.425)	0.160 (7) (0.0137–0.851)	0.105 (9) (0.0134–0.178)	0.101 (7) (0.00864–0.343)
S.d.	0.0667	0.0918	0.0780	0.163	0.307	0.0526	0.110
fe (0–24) (%)
Amean (range)	0.0248 (4) (0.0121–0.0438)	0.0114 (3) (0.00512–0.0207)	0.0227 (5) (0.00907–0.0423)	0.0881 (6) (0.00430–0.224)	0.0222 (7) (0.00289–0.0712)	0.0231 (9) (0.00155–0.0704)	0.0375 (7) (0.00237–0.151)
S.d.	0.0135	0.00819	0.0123	0.0838	0.0259	0.0249	0.0516
	10 mg BID solution	20 mg BID solution	40 mg BID solution	40 mg BID tablet	60 mg BID tablet	90 mg BID tablet	120 mg BID tablet
Following BID dosing
Cmax ss (ng ml−1)
Gmean (n) (range)	17.3 (4) (11.6–29.1)	NC (2) (26.2–38.9)	61.9 (6) (48.7–81.4)	46.1 (5) (13.2–123)	82.8 (6) (14.6–596)	70.0 (4) (46.2–117)	355 (8) (124–650)
% CV	43.3	NC	19.5	69.9	130	44.1	44.4
AUCss (ng h ml−1)
Gmean (n) (range)	23.0 (4) (19.2–28.4)	NC (2) (47.0–74.6)	111 (6) (81.2–144)	101 (5) (44.1–271)	178 (6) (47.9–646)	122 (4) (55.3–197)	501 (7) (243–1760)
% CV	17.1	NC	22.5	72.3	87.5	51.4	85.3
Cmin ss (ng ml−1)
Gmean (n) (range)	0.114 (3) (0.057–0.189)	NC (1) (0.228–0.228)	0.370 (5) (0.162–0.821)	0.959 (5) (0.294–2.71)	1.47 ((6) (0.447–3.67)	0.543 (5) (0.177–3.18)	3.54 (5) (1.40–41.1)
% CV	52.1	NC	62.5	74.7	65.5	133	178
CLss/F (l h−1)
Amean (range)	439 (4) (352–521)	NC (2) (268–426)	369 (6) (278–492)	465 (5) (148–906)	483 (6) (92.9–1250)	856 (4) (457–1630)	283 (7) (68.2–494)
S.d.	72.9	NC	90.6	285	442	552	147
t1/2 ss (h)
Amean (range)	2.82 (3) (2.47–3.25)	NC (1) (1.70)	2.13 (4) (1.62–2.83)	3.04 (3) (2.65–3.70)	2.81 (4) (1.86–3.18)	2.63 (5) (1.89–3.16)	2.45 (6) (1.56–3.23)
S.d.	0.400	NC	0.539	0.570	0.636	0.514	0.549
tmax ss (h)
Median (range)	0.50 (4) (0.5–0.5)	NC (2) (0.25–1)	0.25 (6) (0.25–1)	1.00 (5) (0.5–1.5)	1.00 (6) (0.25–4)	0.50 (4) (0.5–3)	0.50 (8) (0.25–1.5)
R AC
Gmean (n) (range)	1.05 (4) (0.844–1.49)	NC (2) (1.64–2.07)	1.12 (6) (0.550–1.70)	0.817 (5) (0.447–1.18)	1.33 (6) (0.566–2.54)	1.20 (4) (0.834–1.71)	1.91 (7) (1.12–3.86)
% CV	28.0	NC	32.8	35.7	44.0	29.1	47.2
T c
Gmean (n) (range)	1.03 (4) (0.839–1.48)	NC (2) (1.61–2.07)	1.10 (6) (0.539–1.65)	0.806 (5) (0.444–1.13)	1.30 (6) (0.525–2.50)	1.18 (4) (0.831–1.69)	1.81 (7) (1.09–3.50)
% CV	28.3	NC	32.2	35.0	44.7	29.1	45.2

Abbreviations: Amean=arithmetic mean; AUC=area under the plasma concentration–time curve from zero to infinity; AUCss=area under the plasma concentration–time curve over a dosing interval at steady state; AUC0–12=area under the plasma concentration–time curve from zero to 12 h post dose; BID=twice-daily; Cmax=maximum plasma concentration; Cmax ss=maximum steady-state plasma concentration during dosing; Cmin ss=minimum steady-state plasma concentration during dosing; CL/F=total apparent drug clearance; CLR=renal clearance from plasma; CLss/F=total apparent drug clearance at steady state; fe (0–24)=dose fraction excreted unchanged in the urine from zero to 24 h post dose; Gmean=geometric mean; NC=not calculated; RAC=accumulation ratio; Tc=temporal change (linearity factor); tmax=time to maximum plasma concentration; tmax ss=time to maximum plasma concentration at steady state; t1/2=half-life; t1/2 ss=half-life at steady state; Vss/F=steady-state volume of distribution; % CV=percentage confidence value.

Figure 1

Plasma concentration time plots (geometric mean ±s.d.). (A) Following single dose, study day 1. (B) Following BID multiple dosing, study day 35. Abbreviations: BID=twice-daily; Sol=solution; Tab=tablet.

Following single dosing, AZD8055 demonstrated proportional increases in exposure with increasing dose across all cohorts. Following BID dosing, a proportional increase in exposure was seen with the solution formulation (10–40 mg) and a greater than proportional increase with increasing dose was seen with the tablet formulation (40–120 mg). Pharmacokinetic parameters after administration of a 40-mg dose of either a solution or a tablet formulation were similar except for a short delay to tmax with the tablet. AZD8055 was observed to have low renal clearance, with <0.25% of the dose being excreted unchanged in the urine at all dose levels in the first 24 h following the single dose.

PD analysis

Analysis of PBMC data at 2 h post dose in the MTD cohort showed a transient decrease in p4E-BP1 in 2/5 patients. However, pre-dose marker levels varied substantially.

All patients in the MTD cohort with a baseline value of >5% (6/10 patients) showed a decrease in pAKT at 2 h (Figure 2). However, baseline variability was noted with very low pre-dose levels (<15%) seen in the majority of patients.

Figure 2

AKT phosphorylation levels for individual patients following dosing with AZD8055 (90 mg cohort).

Two patients had a baseline and a post-dose tumour sample collected, the analysis of which did not show conclusive evidence of biomarker modulation for pAKT, p4E-BP1 and pS6.

Efficacy

No complete or partial responses were observed, but seven patients (10 mg n=1/5, 40 mg solution n=2/6, 60 mg n=1/7, 90 mg n=1/11 and 120 mg n=2/10 BID) had stable disease for ⩾4 months (range, 115–398 days). The primary tumour locations in these seven patients were as follows: head/neck (n=3), renal (n=1), thymus (n=1), thyroid (n=1) and melanoma (n=1). At day 35, partial metabolic responses assessed by FDG-PET (a decrease in SUVmax>25%) were observed at 40 mg BID and above (40 mg tablet n=2/5, 60 mg n=2/5, 90 mg n=1/7 and 120 mg n=3/9 BID; Figure 3).

Figure 3

Percentage change in SUVmax assessed by FDG-PET. Abbreviations: FDG-PET=fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography; Sol=solution; SUVmax=standard uptake value; Tab=tablet.

Discussion

This study presents the first clinical results of the dual mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitor, AZD8055. AZD8055 has a manageable tolerability profile, however, a rise in transaminases in the absence of elevated bilirubin levels was observed in most cohorts and was dose limiting; the MTD of AZD8055 being defined as 90 mg BID. Other AEs reported in this study were fatigue, nausea, decreased appetite and diarrhoea. The AEs that were assessed to be related to AZD8055 include as follows: increased ALT, increased AST and fatigue. Rapalogues have been reported to induce frequent skin rash and mucositis (O’Donnell ). In our trial, fewer skin toxicities were observed with AZD8055 than those seen in previous clinical studies of rapalogues (O’Donnell ). Dose-related, but reversible elevation of transaminases was observed. The rises in transaminases were managed with dose interruptions or reductions yielding full recovery within 71 days for the majority of cases. Interestingly, altered liver function is not a toxicity that has been described with mTOR inhibitors such as temsorilmus (Raymond ) and everolimus (O’Donnell ). Also, it has not been a commonly observed toxicity with PI3K pathway inhibitors (Kong and Yamori, 2009; Pal ). Thus, hepatic dysfunction under AZD8055 could either be considered as an ‘on-target’ effect of inhibiting mTORC2 or as an ‘off-target’ chemical effect of AZD8055 on normal hepatocytes. Ongoing phase I trials of other dual mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitors such as AZD2014, INK-128 and OSI-027 may provide information on specific liver enzyme deregulation related to mTORC2 inhibition.

PK data after administration of a 40-mg dose of either solution or tablet formulation were similar, except for a short delay in time-to-peak as would be anticipated by the change to a solid dosage form, albeit a rapidly dissolving tablet. The proportion of AZD8055 excreted unchanged in the urine was minimal after single dosing at all dose levels, indicating that the renal route does not have a significant role in the elimination of AZD8055. However, as a human radio-labelled mass balance study has not been conducted, it is unknown what proportion of AZD8055 dose would be recovered in the faeces or other compartments following metabolic breakdown, or what proportion of the metabolites would be eliminated in the urine.

mTORC1 inhibitors have previously been shown to indirectly increase AKT phosphorylation (O’Reilly ). Therefore, a reduction in AKT phosphorylation is believed to be a measure of mTORC2 inhibition. Pharmacodynamic analysis of PBMC data at 2 h post dose in the MTD cohort showed a transient reduction in the phosphorylation of AKT in all patients with baseline >5% (6/10 patients). However, the assay in PBMCs was often made impossible by very low levels of AKT phosphorylation at baseline; therefore no conclusions can be drawn on mTORC2 inhibition in PBMCs in this study. In addition, the transient reduction in AKT phosphorylation may be consistent with the short half-life of AZD8055. A sensitive assay based on platelet-rich plasmas has now been instituted for future trials. 4E-BP1 phosphorylation at the threonine37/46 site has been shown to be a PD marker of mTORC1 activity in preclinical models (Chresta ), but it is not reproducibly measured at the threonine70 site in healthy human PBMCs (Boulay ). It was not possible to demonstrate target inhibition in tumour tissue; however, as only two pre- and post-treatment biopsies were analysed in this study, it is not possible to draw any conclusions.

Seven patients had stable disease for ⩾4 months in a range of primary tumour locations. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography showed metabolic responses at 40 mg BID and above indicating changes in glucose homeostasis induced by AZD8055. However, the use of FDG-PET as a PD biomarker, as opposed to a response indicator, requires further validation and does not predict response as in the case of KIT inhibitors used to treat gastrointestinal stromal disorders (Fuster ).

Despite the presence of sustained tumour stabilisation and delayed disease progression, there may be limited tumour shrinkage with targeted agents that are cytostatic in action, particularly anti-angiogenic therapy (de Langen ; Oberstein and Saif, 2012). Therefore, RECIST may not be the most appropriate method to evaluate response with molecularly targeted agents, and molecular imaging techniques may be better suited for this purpose (de Langen ). Reasons for lack of a significant objective response in this trial could include heterogenous tumour types, lack of selection based on mutation status (e.g., PI3K or PTEN mutation) or inability to achieve sustained target inhibition with the current schedule. An alternative dosing schedule of 3 weeks on drug and 1 week off may have provided similar exposure but avoided the increased transaminases typically seen between weeks 3 and 5.

In conclusion, AZD8055 as a first-in-class agent has revealed a toxicity profile which is different from rapalogue mTOR inhibitors, which includes the presence of elevated transaminase levels. It may be possible to mitigate the rise in transaminases seen in this study through modification of the dosing schedule; however, AZD8055 is not being developed further. A follow-up compound, AZD2014, is currently being investigated in phase I and no rise in transaminases has been reported. Thus, dual inhibition of mTORC1/2 remains a promising therapeutic target and other mTOR kinase inhibitors in development are showing promising results.