Inflammation- and stress-related signaling pathways in hepatocarcinogenesis.

It has been established that cancer can be promoted and exacerbated by inflammation. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide, and its long-term prognosis remains poor. Although HCC is a complex and heterogeneous tumor with several genomic mutations, it usually develops in the context of chronic liver damage and inflammation, suggesting that understanding the mechanism(s) of inflammation-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis is essential for the treatment and prevention of HCC. Chronic liver damage induces a persistent cycle of necro-inflammation and hepatocyte regeneration, resulting in genetic mutations in hepatocytes and expansion of initiated cells, eventually leading to HCC development. Recently, several inflammation- and stress-related signaling pathways have been identified as key players in these processes, which include the nuclear factor-κB, signal transducer and activator of transcription, and stress-activated mitogen- activated protein kinase pathways. Although these pathways may suggest potential therapeutic targets, they have a wide range of functions and complex crosstalk occurs among them. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the roles of these signaling pathways in hepatocarcinogenesis.