Glucagon-like peptide-1 and its cardiovascular effects.

Recently, the crucial role of GLP-1 in cardiovascular disease has been suggested by both preclinical and clinical studies. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated cardio-protective effects of GLP-1 by activating cell survival signal pathways, which have greatly reduced ischemia/reperfusion injury and also cardiac dysfunction in various congestive heart failure animal models. Clinically, beneficial effects of GLP-1 have been shown in patients with myocardial infarction, hypertension, and heart failure, and 2 classes of incretin enhancers, GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors, are currently available for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this review, we will summarize the role of incretins in various cardiovascular events such as hypertension and heart failure and postprandial lipoprotein secretion, and discuss their molecular mechanisms and potentials as a new therapeutic as well as preventive drug type for reducing cardiovascular events in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients.