Stereotactic neurosurgery.

Stereotactic neurosurgery is the technique for locating targets of surgical interest within the brain relative to an external frame of reference. Traditionally, that has meant temporarily attaching a mechanical frame to the patient's skull or scalp. Recent techniques are moving toward ways of reducing the trauma to the patient while retaining the information provided by the frame. Historically, the predominant use of the frames was for placement of electrodes. The advent of computed tomography led to a rebirth of stereotaxy for biopsy and as a guide for resection. Recent advances in computing are supplementing these techniques to allow improved surgical planning and intraoperative information. Finally, highly directed radiation therapy or stereotactic radiosurgery is discussed.