Culture systems: fluid dynamic embryo culture systems (microfluidics).

The tubal/uterine lumen is a dynamic environment in which oocytes, eggs, and early embryos are submitted to different forces generated by cilia and peristaltic flow of tubal fluid. The movement of the tubal/uterine fluid, the chemical diversity, and their interaction produce a unique environment able to support embryo development and modulate gene expression. Although culture of embryos is supported in static and low complexity chemical conditions, application of fluidic dynamics in assisted reproduction technology to improve outcomes has been in development for almost a decade. Several attempts to build devices able to facilitate fertilization and embryo culture have been made, but dynamic fluidic devices are not yet available for mass scale use in clinical embryology laboratories. Indeed, such devices for embryo culture have been constructed and they are under evaluation in IRB approved studies. Fluid dynamic devices appear to enhance embryo development and they may be innovative resources for clinical and experimental embryology laboratories. This chapter reviews the principles and results of dynamic fluid systems, and the materials and methods required to produce microfunnel dynamic culture systems for use with embryos.