Effects of temperature and mode of presentation of juice on hunger, thirst and food intake in humans.

Foods differ in their satiating effects; temperature and mode of presentation may be factors important for these differences. We tested the effects of these two variables in normal weight, non-dieting males and females using vegetable juice. The juice was offered as a preload, with females receiving 300 g and males receiving 400 g under conditions that systematically varied temperature (60-62 degrees C vs. 1 degrees C) and presentation (served in mug vs. bowl with spoon); a no-preload condition was also included. Each preload was followed within 5 min by a second course of grilled cheese sandwiches. In the males, intake was significantly lower after cold but not hot preloads in comparison to the no-preload condition; however, intakes following the hot and cold preloads did not differ significantly. Males also reported a significantly greater decline in thirst following the cold preloads. Temperature of the preloads did not affect food intake or thirst in the female subjects. Neither group was affected by the mode of presentation of the preloads. Further studies with other types of foods and drinks are needed to clarify whether temperature or mode of presentation can influence satiating efficiency.