Axial organization of a brain region that sequences a learned pattern of behavior.

Neural activity within HVC (proper name), a premotor nucleus of the songbird telencephalon analogous to premotor cortical regions in mammals, controls the temporal structure of learned song in male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). HVC is composed of a superficially isomorphic neuronal mosaic, implying that song is encoded in a distributed network within HVC. Here, we combined HVC microlesions (10% focal ablation) with singing-driven immediate-early gene (IEG) labeling to explore the network architecture of HVC during singing. Microlesions produce a transient disruption of HVC activity that results in a temporary (≈ 1 week) loss of vocal patterning. Results showed an asymmetrical reduction in the density of IEG-labeled cells 3-5 d after microlesions: swaths of unlabeled cells extended rostrally and/or caudally depending on the position of the HVC microlesion. Labeling returned once birds recovered their songs. Axial swaths of unlabeled cells occurred whether microlesions were located at rostral or caudal poles of HVC, indicating that the localized reduction in IEG labeling could not be attributable solely to transection of afferents that enter HVC rostrally. The asymmetrical pattern of reduced IEG labeling could be explained if synaptic connectivity within HVC is organized preferentially within the rostrocaudal axis. In vivo retrograde tracer injections and in vitro stimulation and recording experiments in horizontal slices of HVC confirmed a rostrocaudal organization of HVC neural connectivity. Our findings suggest that HVC contains an axially organized network architecture that may encode the temporal structure of song.