Integrated strategies needed to prevent iron deficiency and to promote early child development.

Iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are global public health problems that differentially impact pregnant women and infants in low and middle income countries. IDA during the first 1000 days of life (prenatally through 24 months) has been associated with long term deficits in children's socio-emotional, motor, cognitive, and physiological functioning. Mechanisms linking iron deficiency to children's development may include alterations to dopamine metabolism, myelination, and hippocampal structure and function, as well as maternal depression and unresponsive caregiving, potentially associated with maternal ID. Iron supplementation trials have had mixed success in promoting children's development. Evidence suggests that the most effective interventions to prevent iron deficiency and to promote early child development begin early in life and integrate strategies to ensure adequate iron and nutritional status, along with strategies to promote responsive mother-child interactions and early learning opportunities.