BACKGROUND & AIMS: The ratio of energy expenditure to nitrogen loss respectively of energy to nitrogen provision (E/N) is considered a valuable tool in the creation of an enteral or parenteral formulation. Specific E/N ratios for parenteral nutrition (PN) have not yet been clearly defined. To determine the range of energy expenditure, nitrogen (protein) losses, and E/N ratios for various patient groups, we performed a systematic review of the literature. METHODS: Medline 1950-2011 was searched for all studies on patients or healthy controls reporting energy expenditure and nitrogen loss at the same time. RESULTS: We identified 53 studies with 91 cohorts which comprised 1107 subjects. Mean TEE ± standard deviation (SD) was 31.2 ± 7.2 kcal/kg BW/day in patients (n = 881) and 35.6 ± 4.3 kcal/kg BW/day in healthy controls (n = 266). Mean total protein loss (TPL) was 1.50 ± 0.57 g/kg BW/day in patients and 0.94 ± 0.24 g/kg BW/day in healthy controls. A non-linear significant correlation was found between TPL and the E/N ratio. CONCLUSION: The E/N ratio is not a constant value but decreases continuously with increasing protein loss. These variations should be considered in the nutritional support of patients.
BACKGROUND & AIMS: The ratio of energy expenditure to nitrogen loss respectively of energy to nitrogen provision (E/N) is considered a valuable tool in the creation of an enteral or parenteral formulation. Specific E/N ratios for parenteral nutrition (PN) have not yet been clearly defined. To determine the range of energy expenditure, nitrogen (protein) losses, and E/N ratios for various patient groups, we performed a systematic review of the literature. METHODS: Medline 1950-2011 was searched for all studies on patients or healthy controls reporting energy expenditure and nitrogen loss at the same time. RESULTS: We identified 53 studies with 91 cohorts which comprised 1107 subjects. Mean TEE ± standard deviation (SD) was 31.2 ± 7.2 kcal/kg BW/day in patients (n = 881) and 35.6 ± 4.3 kcal/kg BW/day in healthy controls (n = 266). Mean total protein loss (TPL) was 1.50 ± 0.57 g/kg BW/day in patients and 0.94 ± 0.24 g/kg BW/day in healthy controls. A non-linear significant correlation was found between TPL and the E/N ratio. CONCLUSION: The E/N ratio is not a constant value but decreases continuously with increasing protein loss. These variations should be considered in the nutritional support of patients.
Authors: Judith Ju Ming Wong; Jacqueline Soo May Ong; Chengsi Ong; John Carsen Allen; Mihir Gandhi; Lijia Fan; Ryan Taylor; Joel Kian Boon Lim; Pei Fen Poh; Fang Kuan Chiou; Jan Hau Lee Journal: BMJ Open Date: 2022-01-04 Impact factor: 2.692
Authors: Mario I Perman; Agustín Ciapponi; Juan Va Franco; Cecilia Loudet; Adriana Crivelli; Virginia Garrote; Gastón Perman Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Date: 2018-06-04