Cardio-renal syndrome type 2: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment.

Cardiac and kidney disease are becoming increasingly more prevalent in the population, and may exist concurrently. One of the most important comorbidities in heart failure is renal dysfunction. The pathophysiology of cardio-renal syndromes is complicated, and has been divided into five categories. Cardio-Renal syndrome type 2 is described by chronic cardiac abnormalities resulting in impaired renal function. It is important to recognize this entity and to understand the pathophysiology underlying the cardiac and renal disorders to distinguish best treatment practices. The success in improved outcomes lies in optimization of heart failure therapies.