Efficacy of infliximab in refractory Behçet's disease-associated and idiopathic posterior segment uveitis: a prospective, follow-up study of 50 patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term efficacy of infliximab in patients with refractory Behçet's disease (BD)-associated and idiopathic posterior uveitis (PU).
METHODS: Single center, prospective, 6-year duration, follow-up study on 50 consecutive patients (20 [40%] males and 30 [60%] females with a mean age of 37.5 ± 12.3 years) with refractory BD-associated PU (36 patients) and idiopathic PU (14 patients) who had failed at least one immunosuppressive drug. At baseline, patients received prednisone 1 mg/kg/day with rapid tapering and infliximab infusions (5 mg/kg) at weeks 0, 2, 6, and every 8 weeks thereafter. Nonresponders after the third infusion withdrew from the study. Primary outcome measures were visual acuity (VA) value improvement compared to baseline. Secondary outcome measures were proportion of patients with VA improvement from baseline; proportion of patients achieving disease remission; number of PU flare-ups; and incidence of adverse events.
RESULTS: At the final follow-up, mean right and left eye VA respectively increased from 0.57 ± 0.31 at baseline to 0.68 ± 0.33 (P = 0.048) and from 0.67 ± 0.28 to 0.76 ± 0.27 (P = 0.047). None of the patients had VA worsening and new onset ocular complications. A complete response of PU was recorded in 34/50 (68%) patients and partial response in 11/50 (22%). Five patients were nonresponders and withdrew from the study after the third infusion. A significant reduction of ocular attacks and of the proportion of patients with cystoid macular edema was observed. No differences in infliximab efficacy was recorded between patients with BD-associated and idiopathic PU. No serious adverse events occurred. The mean follow-up duration was 36.8 months.
CONCLUSION: Long-term infliximab therapy was equally effective and safe with a significant VA gain in refractory BD-associated and idiopathic PU.

Introduction

Noninfectious posterior uveitis (PU) are immune-related, sight-threatening inflammatory conditions that account for 22% to 38% of all cases of uveitis seen in tertiary care centers.1–4

According to the Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) working group classification, the inflammatory process of PU may involve the choroid and the retina causing variable clinical patterns such as focal, multifocal, diffuse choroiditis, chorioretinitis, retinochoroiditis, retinitis, or neuroretinitis.5 As reported in a recent systematic review of the literature,6 PU are mainly caused by Behçet’s disease (BD), serpiginous choroiditis and sarcoidosis, otherwise PU remain idiopathic in around 35% of cases.

BD-associated PU and idiopathic PU, with or without associated retinal vasculitis, share a relapsing and remitting clinical course with frequent occurrence of ocular complications such as cataract, cystoid macular edema, retinal detachment, papillitis, and intraretinal/subretinal hemorrhages, with progressive worsening of visual function leading to blindness in up to 25% of patients.7 Over a 30-year period, a trend toward improvement of prognosis has been recorded by treating the disease with high-dose corticosteroids (CS) combined with traditional immunosuppressive drugs including methotrexate, cyclosporine (CsA), azathioprine (AZA), and cyclophosphamide.8 However, PU may be particularly resistant to CS and immunosuppressants with rapid progression to vision loss in 10%–25% of cases.9,10

The inflammatory process of both BD-associated and idiopathic PU is sustained by a Th1-mediated response with increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and especially tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) that has been demonstrated to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune uveitis.11–17

Following this evidence, the efficacy of anti-TNF agents including infliximab (IFX) and adalimumab in patients with refractory BD-associated or idiopathic PU has been reported in recent open, short-term studies of small clinical ser ies.18

The long-term efficacy of anti-TNF therapy was confirmed by our group in an open-label, 24-month, prospective, follow-up study on 12 patients with BD and refractory posterior uveitis receiving IFX 5 mg/kg. A complete remission after the third infusion in six patients and in nine after the fourth was recorded, with maintenance of remission in seven out of nine patients at the 24-month visit.19

The primary objective of this prospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of IFX therapy in terms of improvement in visual acuity (VA) in a cohort of consecutive patients with refractory idiopathic PU and BD-associated PU.

Patients and methods

Setting

The Rheumatology Unit of Prato Hospital is a secondary referral center which serves around 300,000 people living in the Prato province and the surrounding industrial areas. About 75% of patients are sent by their general practitioners, and the remaining are self-referred.

In March 2004, the Rheumatology Unit was appointed as the tertiary referral center for rare rheumatic diseases. Patients with these conditions are self-referred or sent by other specialists from all parts of Italy.

From January 2005 to December 2010, in collaboration with the Ophthalmology Department of Prato Hospital, all consecutive new patients with refractory PU underwent the same diagnostic and therapeutic schedule and all data were recorded in an individual computed chart.

At baseline all patients underwent the following investigations: history taking, physical examination, purified protein derivative (PPD) test, laboratory tests including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), blood cell count with differential count, renal and liver function, human leukocyte antigen typing, antinuclear antibody titer, and serology for toxoplasma, human immunodeficiency virus, syphilis, lysozyme, or angiotensin-converting enzyme. Ophthalmologic evaluation consisted of a complete ocular examination including best-corrected VA (Snellen chart of 0.1–1.0), slit-lamp biomicroscopy, tonometry and ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA).

Inclusion criteria

To be enrolled, patients should have a diagnosis of idiopathic or BD-associated chronic PU, with or without retinal vasculitis, resistant to a dose of prednisone or equivalent greater than 10 mg/day, and at least one immunosuppressive drug after at least 12 months of treatment.20

The diagnosis of BD was formulated according to the International Study Group (ISG) criteria.21 As VA loss during BD flare-ups may be reversible following treatment,22 we also included in the study patients with active PU and unilateral or bilateral loss of vision of recent onset (<3 months).

Exclusion criteria

Patients with permanent blindness, with contraindications to IFX use, as recommended by by Centocor Ortho Biotech, Inc (Malvern, PA), or with a history of recent infections and malignancies were excluded from the study. Pregnancy and breastfeeding constituted additional exclusion criteria and contraception was recommended to all females of childbearing potential.

Moreover, a careful screening for tuberculosis was made by detailed medical history, chest X-rays, and PPD test. Over the last 3 years the QuantiFERON TB Gold test was also performed.

Primary end-point

The primary end-point was to assess the long-term efficacy of IFX therapy in patients with idiopathic or BD-associated refractory PU uveitis as expressed by VA improvement from baseline.

Secondary end-points

Secondary end-points were to investigate the efficacy of IFX to reduce disease flare-up, to assess the proportion of relapse-free subjects at the end of follow-up, and the percentage of patients achieving a complete or partial remission, and to evaluate the tolerability and safety of the treatment.

Primary outcome measure

The primary outcome measure was improvement in VA mean values at the end of follow-up compared to baseline.

Secondary outcome measures

Secondary outcome measures were a proportion of patients achieving an improvement of best-corrected right eye and left eye VA from baseline; proportion of patients achieving a complete or partial remission; timing of remission; proportion of relapse-free patients at the end of follow-up; number of ocular attacks during the treatment period; and number and severity of adverse events (AEs).

Definition of response

The response to therapy was calculated by a composite score from 0 to 7 obtained by the sum of the grade of severity of inflammatory infiltrate and retinal vasculitis as reported previously.19 The response was graded as follows:

Complete remission: presence of less than 1+ cellular reaction (scale 0–4), and remission of vasculitis evaluated by a score (0–3) at fundus examination and FFA (0 = absence of vasculitis, 1 = vasculitis of peripheral retinal vessels, 2 = posterior pole vasculitis, and 3 = vasculitis with evidence of areas of retinal necrosis). FFA examinations were scheduled at baseline, week 6, 22, and 54, and yearly thereafter.

Partial remission: improvement of at least 50% of inflammation and retinal vasculitis scores.

Absent: absence of any improvement or less than 50% of uveitis scores.

Treatment regimen

At baseline, all patients suspended the current immunosuppressive therapy, and received prednisone at the dose of 1 mg/kg/day. In addition, all subjects received IFX 2-hour intravenous infusions at the dose of 5 mg/kg at weeks 0, 2, 6, and every 8 weeks thereafter. IFX-dose escalation through infusion-interval shortening to 6 weeks was allowed in nonresponder patients or in those with partial remission according to the judgment of the physician. IFX infusions were administered for the whole duration of follow-up.

During the drug infusion and for 1 hour afterwards, blood pressure, pulse, and temperature were measured every 30 minutes. Moreover, at every visit, complete blood count, liver, and kidney function tests were examined. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were measured at baseline and every 6 months.

In responders, the following CS-dose tapering was scheduled: 10 mg/day every 1 week until the dose of 20 mg/day, then 5 mg/day/week until a maintenance dose of 10 mg/day is achieved. This dose was continued for at least 2 weeks before attempting to further reduce the dose of 5 mg/week until withdrawal. In case of relapse, prednisone was increased by 20 mg/day. Other immunosuppressant agents and concomitant local CS injections were not allowed.

Patients failing to achieve at least a partial remission after the third infusion of IFX withdrew from the study and received prednisone 1 mg/kg/day and an immunosuppressant different from that employed before the study entry.

All patients had a complete evaluation by an ophthalmologist and a rheumatologist at baseline and over the follow-up visits that were scheduled 2 weeks after the third IFX infusion (week 8) and then every 4 months or before in case of relapse. The date of last visit constituted the end of follow-up.

Adverse events

At every visit, all patients were monitored for clinical and laboratory evidence of adverse events (AEs) defined as mild (transient and easily tolerated), moderate (subject discomfort with interruption of usual activities), or severe (incapacitating or life-threatening). The study was approved by the local ethical Committee and written informed consent from the patients was obtained.

Data statistical analysis was done using the SPSS statistical package (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Wilcoxon’s matched pairs signed rank test were used to measure the changes from baseline of ocular inflammation and ocular attacks. Chi-square test for nominal variables was used to calculate the differences between the BD-associated and idiopathic PU results. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures was used to measure the VA changes. P values less than 0.05 were accepted as significant.

Results

Over a 6-year enrolment period, 50 patients with refractory PU (20 males [40%] and 30 females [60%] with a mean age of 37.5 ± 12.3 years) were included into the study. BD-associated PU was diagnosed in 36 patients (15 males [42%] and 21 females [58%] females with a mean age of 36.1 ± 10.9 years), and idiopathic PU in 14 patients (five males [36%] and nine females [64%] with a mean age of 40.9 ± 15.3 years). The demographic and clinical characteristics of the 50 patients are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1

Baseline demographic and concurrent clinical manifestations in 50 patients with idiopathic and Behçet’s disease-associated posterior uveitis

	Overall	Idiopathic PU	BD-associated PU
Patient number	50	14	36
Male/female (no/%)	20 (40%)/30 (60%)	5 (36%)/9 (64%)	15 (42%)/21 (58%)
Age at first visit (years/mean ± SD)	37.5 ± 12.3	40.9 ± 15.3	36.1 ± 10.9
Disease duration (months/mean ± SD)	60.3 ± 64.6	51.1 ± 48.4	63.8 ± 70.2
HLA-B51+ (no/%)	26 (52%)	3 (21%)	23 (64%)
ESR (mm/h/mean ± SD)	29.5 ± 14.2	28.6 ± 13.8	29.8 ± 14.5
CRP (mg/dL/mean ± SD)	1.25 ± 1.1	0.84 ± 0.7	1.41 ± 1.2
Bilateral PU (no/%)	33 (66%)	12 (86%)	23 (64%)
Unilateral PU (no/%)	8 (16%)	1 (7%)	6 (17%)
Panuveitis (no/%)	9 (18%)	1 (7%)	7 (19%)
Retinal vasculitis (no/%)	31 (62%)	9 (64%)	22 (61%)
Ocular attacks before IFX (total no/mean ± SD)	285 (5.7 ± 5.7)	61 (4.35 ± 3.29)	224 (6.2 ± 6.3)
Previous treatment (no/%)
CS+AZA	14 (28%)	6 (43%)	8 (22%)
CS+MTX	6 (12%)	2 (14%)	4 (11%)
CS+CSA	15 (30%)	5 (36%)	10 (28%)
CS+MTX+CSA	11 (22%)	1 (7%)	10 (28%)
CS+AZA+CSA	3 (6%)	0 (0%)	3 (8%)
CS+MTX+CSA+AZA	1 (2%)	0 (0%)	1 (3%)
Ocular complications (no/%)
Cataract	9 (18%)	2 (14%)	7 (19%)
Cystoid macular edema	19 (38%)	5 (36%)	14 (39%)
Retinal detachments	4 (8%)	1 (7%)	3 (8%)
Papillitis	8 (16%)	2 (14%)	6 (17%)
Intra/subretinal hemorrhage	5 (10%)	1 (7%)	4 (11%)
Intravitreal hemorrhage	3 (6%)	1 (7%)	2 (5.5%)
Optic atrophy	5 (10%)	1 (7%)	4 (11%)
Visual acuity (mean ± SD)
Right eye	0.57 ± 0.31	0.6 ± 0.31	0.56 ± 0.32
Left eye	0.67 ± 0.28	0.65 ± 0.30	0.68 ± 0.27

Abbreviations: AZA, azathioprine; BD, Behçet’s disease; CS, corticosteroids; CSA, cyclosporine A; IFX, infliximab; MTX, methotrexate; PU, posterior uveitis; SD, standard deviation.

At the end of the follow up a complete response of PU was recorded in 34/50 (68%) patients, partial response in 11/50 (22%), and five (10%) patients showed no improvement after the third IFX infusion and withdrew from the study as dictated by the study protocol. Of these, three had BD with bilateral PU and cystoid macular edema, and two had idiopathic PU without macular increased thickness.

As shown in Table 2, the proportions of patients with VA improvement after the third IFX infusion and at the end of the follow up were 72% (36 patients) and 82% (41 patients), respectively. Mean right eye VA increased from 0.57 ± 0.31 at baseline to 0.63 ± 0.32 at week 8, and 0.68 ± 0.33 (P = 0.048) at the end of follow-up. Mean left eye VA improved from baseline value of 0.67 ± 0.28 to 0.74 ± 0.26 after the third infusion and to 0.76 ± 0.27 (P = 0.047) at the last visit. None of the patients had worsening VA or new onset ocular complications including retinal detachments, papillitis, intra- or subretinal hemorrhage, intravitreal hemorrhage, and optic atrophy during the follow-up. A significant reduction of overall ocular attacks, proportion of patients with retinal vasculitis, and cystoid macular edema was recorded.

Table 2

Baseline and end of follow up results of IFX therapy in 50 patients overall with refractory PU

Clinical feature	Baseline	Week 8 (After the 3rd IFX infusion)	End of follow-up	P value
PU response to IFX (n/%)
– Complete		29 (58%)	34 (68%)	ns
– Partial		16 (32%)	11 (22%)	ns
– Absent		5 (10%)	5 (10%)	ns
Proportion of patients with VA improvement (n/%)		36 (72%)	41 (82%)	ns
Relapse-free subjects (n/%)		38/50 (76%)	31 (62%)	ns
Visual acuity (mean ± SD)
Right eye	0.57 ± 0.31	0.63 ± 0.32	0.68 ± 0.33	0.048
Left eye	0.67 ± 028	0.74 ± 0.26	0.76 ± 0.27	0.047
Uveitis flares up (no/mean ± SD)	285/5.70 ± 5.6	NA	38/0.76 ± 1.11	0.0001
Cystoid macular edema (no/%)	19 (38%)	14 (28%)	7 (14%)	0.008
FFA retinal vasculitis (no/%)	31 (62%)	12 (24%)	7 (14%)	0.0001

Abbreviations: FFA, fundus fluorescein angiography; IFX, infliximab; NA, not applicable; ns, not significant; PU, posterior uveitis; SD, standard deviation; VA, visual acuity.

At the end of the follow-up, a significant improvement of VA from baseline value was observed either in BD-associated PU (right eye: 0.56 ± 0.32 vs 0.65 ± 0.33, P = 0.0005; left eye: 0.68 ± 0.27 vs 0.76 ± 0.27; P = 0.0004) and in idiopathic PU (right eye: 0.6 ± 0.31 vs 0.70 ± 0.31; P = 0.011; left eye: 0.65 ± 0.30 vs 0.75 ± 0.29; P = 0.016). Table 3 summarizes the separated results in patients with idiopathic PU and in those with BD-associated PU. The results of efficacy of IFX in BD compared to idiopathic PU did not disclose any significant difference for all outcome measures.

Table 3

Results of IFX therapy divided by the diagnosis in 14 patients with idiopathic refractory PU and BD-associated PU and comparison between the two groups

Clinical feature	Idiopathic PU (14 patients)			BD-associated PU (36 patients)			P Id. PU vs BD
	Baseline	End of follow-up	P	Baseline	End of follow-up	P
PU response (N/%)							ns
– Complete		9 (64%)			25 (69%)
– Partial		3 (21%)			8 (22%)
– Absent		2 (14%)			3 (8%)
Proportion of patients with VA gain (N/%)		11 (79%)			30 (83%)		ns
Visual acuity (mean ± SD)							ns
RE	0.6 ± 0.31	0.70 ± 0.31	0.011	0.56 ± 0.32	0.65 ± 0.33	0.0005
LE	0.65 ± 0.30	0.75 ± 0.29	0.016	0.68 ± 0.27	0.76 ± 0.27	0.0004
Uveitis flares up (no/mean ± SD)	61 (4.35 ± 3.29)	7 (0.5 ± 0.94)	0.003	224 (6.22 ± 6.39)	31/0.86 ± 1.17	0.0001	ns
Cystoid macular edema (no/%)	5 (36%)	0 (0%)	0.0003	14 (39%)	5 (14%)	0.03	ns
FFA retinal vasculitis (no/%)	9 (64%)	1 (7%)	0.0002	22 (61%)	2 (5.5%)	0.0001	ns

Abbreviations: FFA, fundus fluorescein angiography; IFX, infliximab; NA, not applicable; ns, not significant; PU, posterior uveitis; SD, standard deviation; VA, visual acuity; BD, Behçet’s disease.

After a median interval from the beginning of the treatment at 8 months in seven (19%) patients with BD and in three (21%) patients with idiopathic PU, IFX dose escalation to 6-week infusion intervals was required due to uveitis flare up. After dose adjustment, a complete and stable uveitis remission was seen in eight out of ten (80%) patients and two out of ten (20%) achieved a partial response.

Regarding drug tolerability and safety, mild infusion reactions were recorded in nine (18%) patients, urinary infections in six (12%), upper airways infections in 11 (16%), and slight liver enzymes in two (4%) with no severe adverse event requiring IFX interruption. ANA positivity was observed in ten (20%) patients during the whole period of follow-up, however no patients developed signs or symptoms of lupus- like syndrome.

The mean follow up duration for overall PU, BD-associated PU, and idiopathic PU was 36.8, 37.3, and 35.6, respectively.

Discussion

The efficacy of IFX on BD-associated and idiopathic refractory PU has been reported in single case reports23–33 and in several clinical series (Table 4). To date, around 300 patients with refractory PU treated with IFX have been reported, with a favorable response rate ranging from 31% to 100% of cases. In almost all studies, the posterior eye inflammation suppression and the reduction of uveitis flare up have been adopted as the primary outcome measures. Two main considerations lead us to assume VA improvement as the primary end-point of the study. First, idiopathic and BD-associated PU represent an important cause of permanent VA reduction and blindness. Reduced VA and blindness are related to uncontrolled disease duration and respectively occur in up to 69% and 20% of the patients after 3 years.7,8,55,56 Therefore, the primary target of therapy of uveitis should be to avoid VA worsening and blindness. This concept has been recently underlined in the Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment (MUST) Trial study design.57 Second, the reproducibility of criteria for grading the site and the activity of intraocular inflammation is rather low,58 unless laser flare-cell photometry is used to quantify and compare the severity of uveitis.59

Table 4

Reported clinical series of IFX therapy in patients with BD-associated or idiopathic refractory PU

Reference	PU type	Patient N°	IFX dose	Primary outcome measure	Responders (N/%)	Follow-up (months)
Sfikakis et al34	BD	5	5 mg/kg	Inflammation suppression	5 (100%)	1
Joseph et al35	BD, idiopathic	5	5 mg/kg	Inflammation suppression	4 (80%)	6
Sfikakis et al36	BD	15	5 mg/kg	Inflammation suppression	19 (76%)	8
Ohno et al37	BD	13	5 mg/kg/10 mg/kg	Flare-up frequency	10 (77%)	3
Wechsler et al38	BD	4	5 mg/kg	Inflammation suppression	4 (100%)	22
Benitez-del Castillo et al39	BD, idiopathic	7	5 mg/kg	Inflammation suppression	4 (57%)	36
Tugal-Tutkun et al40	BD	13	5 mg/kg	Inflammation suppression	4/13 (31%)	12
Lindstedt et al41	BD, idiopathic	13	3 mg/kg	Inflammation suppression	13/13 (100%)	24
Lanthier et al42	BD	4	5 mg/kg	Inflammation suppression	2 (50%)	11
Suhler et al43	BD, idiopathic	23	5 mg/kg	See note*	18 (78%)	2
Mushtaq B et al44	BD	3	5 mg/kg	Flare-up frequency	3 (100%)	16
Abu El-Asrar AM45	BD	6	5 mg/kg	Inflammation suppression	6 (100%)	36
Niccoli et al19	BD	12	5 mg/kg	Inflammation suppression	7 (58%)	24
Accorinti et al46	BD	12	5 mg/kg	Flare-up frequency	11 (92%)	16
Tognon et al47	BD	7	3 mg/kg5 mg/kg	Flare-up frequency	6 (86%)	23
Al-Rayes et al48	BD	10	5 mg/kg	Flare-up frequency	7 (70%)	36
Tabbara and Al-Hemidan49	BD	10	5 mg/kg	Flare-up frequency	NA	30
Yamada et al50	BD	17	5 mg/kg	Flare-up frequency		6
Giardina et al51	BD	21	5 mg/kg	Inflammation suppression	18 (86%)	12
Adán et al52	BD	4	5 mg/kg	Inflammation suppression	2 (50%)	12
Yamada et al53	BD	23	5 mg/kg	Flare-up frequency	10 (43%)	20
Sugita et al54	BD	20	5 mg/kg	Flare-up frequency	15 (75%)	28

Notes: Patients were considered responders if improved in at least one of four variables (visual acuity, control of intraocular inflammation, ability to taper concomitant medication therapy, improvement in inflammatory signs on FFA and/or OCT) and if they worsened in none.

Abbreviations: BD, Behçet’s disease; IFX, infliximab; NA, not applicable; PU, posterior uveitis; SD, standard deviation.

In our long-term, prospective study of IFX efficacy in refractory PU, VA improved in 41 out of 50 (82%) patients, with significant improvement of mean VA values at the end of follow up compared to baseline. Of note, in keeping with other studies,60 IFX was rapidly effective as demonstrated by the dramatic improvement of ocular inflammatory changes and VA after the third infusion in the majority of the patients (78%) and by the elevated number of patients achieving complete (58%) or partial remission (32%) at the same time. Moreover, the drug maintained its efficacy overtime even if a dose escalation was required in ten out of 45 patients (22%).

The secondary outcome measures including the proportion of patients achieving disease remission, retinal vasculitis, and the frequency of uveitis relapse also improved significantly. Moreover, confirming the results of other studies,61 CME resolved in 12 of 19 (63%) patients (P = 0.008) after a mean follow-up of 36.8 months.

Epidemiological data indicate that idiopathic PU account for at least 35% of noninfectious PU and panuveitis.6 Similarly to BD-associated PU, idiopathic PU are immunomediated conditions of the posterior segment resistant to combined CS and immunosuppressive drug therapy in 20% to 30% of patients,7,12,62 and with a frequency of visual impairment and blindness not different from that found for uveitis of known etiology.55 In several clinical series of IFX in refractory PU, both patients with BD and idiopathic PU were included.35,39,41,43 The results of these studies were not divided by the etiology of PU with no specific information concerning the efficacy of IFX in patients with idiopathic PU. In our study, IFX was effective in patients with idiopathic PU with significant improvement of all outcome measures with respect to baseline, and there were no significant differences of efficacy in comparison with patients with BD.

As regards its safety profile, long-term IFX therapy was well-tolerated with minor infusion-related reactions occurring in a minority of the patients and absence of serious adverse events requiring drug discontinuation.

A limit to our study is the open-label design that reduces the level of evidence. To date, IFX has been employed only in patients with refractory uveitis and with established, not reversible ocular complications in most cases. In a recent retrospective, 6-month study from Japan,50 IFX was significantly more effective than CsA to reduce the frequency of ocular attacks in BD patients with refractory uveitis. We suggest randomized controlled trials to evaluate the efficacy of IFX compared to traditional therapy to preserve visual acuity in patients with autoimmune PU at onset.

In conclusion, the results of the current long-term study confirm that IFX has a rapid and sustained efficacy in a high proportion of patients with BD-associated and idiopathic refractory PU allowing a significant improvement of VA in 82% of the patients, with a complete disease remission rate of 68% of cases. The separated data analysis indicates that IFX is equally effective both in patients with idiopathic PU and those with BD. The safety profile of the drug was good with no serious AEs reported.