BACKGROUND: Caffeinated beverages are widely consumed among women of reproductive age, but their association with reproductive hormones, and whether race modifies any such associations, is not well understood. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the relation between caffeine and caffeinated beverage intake and reproductive hormones in healthy premenopausal women and evaluated the potential effect modification by race. DESIGN: Participants (n = 259) were followed for up to 2 menstrual cycles and provided fasting blood specimens for hormonal assessment at up to 8 visits per cycle and four 24-h dietary recalls per cycle. Weighted linear mixed models and nonlinear mixed models with harmonic terms were used to estimate associations between caffeine and hormone concentrations, adjusted for age, adiposity, physical activity, energy and alcohol intakes, and perceived stress. On the basis of a priori assumptions, an interaction between race and caffeine was tested, and stratified results are presented. RESULTS: Caffeine intake ≥200 mg/d was inversely associated with free estradiol concentrations among white women (β = -0.15; 95% CI: -0.26, -0.05) and positively associated among Asian women (β = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.92). Caffeinated soda intake and green tea intake ≥1 cup/d (1 cup = 240 mL) were positively associated with free estradiol concentrations among all races: β = 0.14 (95% CI: 0.06, 0.22) and β = 0.26 (95% CI: 0.07, 0.45), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate consumption of caffeine was associated with reduced estradiol concentrations among white women, whereas caffeinated soda and green tea intakes were associated with increased estradiol concentrations among all races. Further research is warranted on the association between caffeine and caffeinated beverages and reproductive hormones and whether these relations differ by race.
BACKGROUND:Caffeinated beverages are widely consumed among women of reproductive age, but their association with reproductive hormones, and whether race modifies any such associations, is not well understood. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the relation between caffeine and caffeinated beverage intake and reproductive hormones in healthy premenopausal women and evaluated the potential effect modification by race. DESIGN:Participants (n = 259) were followed for up to 2 menstrual cycles and provided fasting blood specimens for hormonal assessment at up to 8 visits per cycle and four 24-h dietary recalls per cycle. Weighted linear mixed models and nonlinear mixed models with harmonic terms were used to estimate associations between caffeine and hormone concentrations, adjusted for age, adiposity, physical activity, energy and alcohol intakes, and perceived stress. On the basis of a priori assumptions, an interaction between race and caffeine was tested, and stratified results are presented. RESULTS:Caffeine intake ≥200 mg/d was inversely associated with free estradiol concentrations among white women (β = -0.15; 95% CI: -0.26, -0.05) and positively associated among Asian women (β = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.92). Caffeinated soda intake and green tea intake ≥1 cup/d (1 cup = 240 mL) were positively associated with free estradiol concentrations among all races: β = 0.14 (95% CI: 0.06, 0.22) and β = 0.26 (95% CI: 0.07, 0.45), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate consumption of caffeine was associated with reduced estradiol concentrations among white women, whereas caffeinated soda and green tea intakes were associated with increased estradiol concentrations among all races. Further research is warranted on the association between caffeine and caffeinated beverages and reproductive hormones and whether these relations differ by race.
Authors: K A Hahn; L A Wise; K J Rothman; E M Mikkelsen; S B Brogly; H T Sørensen; A H Riis; E E Hatch Journal: Hum Reprod Date: 2015-03-18 Impact factor: 6.918
Authors: Jessica L Petrick; Neal D Freedman; Barry I Graubard; Vikrant V Sahasrabuddhe; Gabriel Y Lai; Michael C Alavanja; Laura E Beane-Freeman; Deborah A Boggs; Julie E Buring; Andrew T Chan; Dawn Q Chong; Charles S Fuchs; Susan M Gapstur; John Michael Gaziano; Edward L Giovannucci; Albert R Hollenbeck; Lindsay Y King; Jill Koshiol; I-Min Lee; Martha S Linet; Julie R Palmer; Jenny N Poynter; Mark P Purdue; Kim Robien; Catherine Schairer; Howard D Sesso; Alice J Sigurdson; Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte; Jean Wactawski-Wende; Peter T Campbell; Katherine A McGlynn Journal: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev Date: 2015-06-30 Impact factor: 4.254
Authors: Karen C Schliep; Sunni L Mumford; Catherine J Vladutiu; Katherine A Ahrens; Neil J Perkins; Lindsey A Sjaarda; Kerri A Kissell; Ankita Prasad; Jean Wactawski-Wende; Enrique F Schisterman Journal: Epidemiology Date: 2015-03 Impact factor: 4.822
Authors: Kristine E Lynch; Sunni L Mumford; Karen C Schliep; Brian W Whitcomb; Shvetha M Zarek; Anna Z Pollack; Elizabeth R Bertone-Johnson; Michelle Danaher; Jean Wactawski-Wende; Audrey J Gaskins; Enrique F Schisterman Journal: Fertil Steril Date: 2014-05-27 Impact factor: 7.329
Authors: Karen C Schliep; Enrique F Schisterman; Sunni L Mumford; Anna Z Pollack; Neil J Perkins; Aijun Ye; Cuilin J Zhang; Joseph B Stanford; Christina A Porucznik; Ahmad O Hammoud; Jean Wactawski-Wende Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Date: 2013-01-30 Impact factor: 7.045
Authors: Amelia K Wesselink; Lauren A Wise; Kenneth J Rothman; Kristen A Hahn; Ellen M Mikkelsen; Shruthi Mahalingaiah; Elizabeth E Hatch Journal: Reprod Toxicol Date: 2016-04-22 Impact factor: 3.143
Authors: Karen C Schliep; Enrique F Schisterman; Jean Wactawski-Wende; Neil J Perkins; Rose G Radin; Shvetha M Zarek; Emily M Mitchell; Lindsey A Sjaarda; Sunni L Mumford Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Date: 2016-05-25 Impact factor: 7.045