BACKGROUND: Many youths with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) benefit from psychotropic medication treatment of co-morbid symptom patterns consistent with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The lack of clear indications and algorithms to direct clinical practice has led to a very poor understanding of overall medication use for these youths. The present study examined the prevalence of psychotropic medication use compared across individuals with an ASD without a caregiver-reported ADHD diagnosis (ASD-only), ADHD without ASD (ADHD-only), and an ASD with co-morbid ADHD (ASD+ADHD). Correlates of medication use were also examined. METHODS: Data on psychotropic medication from the first wave of the National Longitudinal Transition Study 2, a nationally representative study of adolescents ages 13-17 in special education, were used to compare the prevalence of medication use across the three groups, overall and by class. Separate logistic regression models were constructed for each group to examine the correlates of psychotropic medication use. Poisson regression models were used to examine correlates of the number of medications. RESULTS: Youths with ASD+ADHD had the highest rates of use (58.2%), followed by youths with ADHD-only (49.0%) and youths with ASD-only (34.3%). Youths with an ASD, both ASD-only and ASD+ADHD, used medications across a variety of medication classes, whereas stimulants were dominant among youths with ADHD-only. African American youths with ASD-only and with ASD+ADHD were less likely to receive medication than white youths, whereas race was not associated with medication use in the ADHD-only group. CONCLUSIONS: Clearer practice parameters for ADHD have likely contributed to more consistency in treatment, whereas treatment for ASD reflects a trial and error approach based on associated symptom patterns. Additional studies examining the treatment of core and associated ASD symptoms are needed to guide pharmacologic treatment of these youths. Interventions targeting African American youths with ASD and the physicians who serve them are also warranted.
BACKGROUND: Many youths with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) benefit from psychotropic medication treatment of co-morbid symptom patterns consistent with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The lack of clear indications and algorithms to direct clinical practice has led to a very poor understanding of overall medication use for these youths. The present study examined the prevalence of psychotropic medication use compared across individuals with an ASD without a caregiver-reported ADHD diagnosis (ASD-only), ADHD without ASD (ADHD-only), and an ASD with co-morbid ADHD (ASD+ADHD). Correlates of medication use were also examined. METHODS: Data on psychotropic medication from the first wave of the National Longitudinal Transition Study 2, a nationally representative study of adolescents ages 13-17 in special education, were used to compare the prevalence of medication use across the three groups, overall and by class. Separate logistic regression models were constructed for each group to examine the correlates of psychotropic medication use. Poisson regression models were used to examine correlates of the number of medications. RESULTS: Youths with ASD+ADHD had the highest rates of use (58.2%), followed by youths with ADHD-only (49.0%) and youths with ASD-only (34.3%). Youths with an ASD, both ASD-only and ASD+ADHD, used medications across a variety of medication classes, whereas stimulants were dominant among youths with ADHD-only. African American youths with ASD-only and with ASD+ADHD were less likely to receive medication than white youths, whereas race was not associated with medication use in the ADHD-only group. CONCLUSIONS: Clearer practice parameters for ADHD have likely contributed to more consistency in treatment, whereas treatment for ASD reflects a trial and error approach based on associated symptom patterns. Additional studies examining the treatment of core and associated ASD symptoms are needed to guide pharmacologic treatment of these youths. Interventions targeting African American youths with ASD and the physicians who serve them are also warranted.
Authors: Jessica A Hellings; Marilyn Weckbaugh; Elizabeth J Nickel; Sharon E Cain; Jennifer R Zarcone; R Matthew Reese; Sandra Hall; David J Ermer; Luke Y Tsai; Stephen R Schroeder; Edwin H Cook Journal: J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol Date: 2005-08 Impact factor: 2.576
Authors: Jeffrey R Bishop; Fedra Najjar; Leah H Rubin; Stephen J Guter; Thomas Owley; Matthew W Mosconi; Suma Jacob; Edwin H Cook Journal: Pharmacogenet Genomics Date: 2015-11 Impact factor: 2.089
Authors: Deborah A Pearson; Cynthia W Santos; Michael G Aman; L Eugene Arnold; David M Lane; Katherine A Loveland; Rosleen Mansour; Anthony R Ward; Charles D Casat; Susan Jerger; Russell J Schachar; Oscar G Bukstein; Lynne A Cleveland Journal: J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol Date: 2020-07-09 Impact factor: 2.576
Authors: Johanna K Lake; Danica Denton; Yona Lunsky; Amy M Shui; Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele; Evdokia Anagnostou Journal: J Autism Dev Disord Date: 2017-05