Exploration of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in relation to urinary phthalate metabolites: NHANES 1999-2006.

Phthalate exposure has been associated with a wide range of adverse health outcomes in limited epidemiologic studies, and inflammation and oxidative stress have been hypothesized as potential mechanisms involved. In the present study we investigated associations between urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites and potential blood markers of oxidative stress (bilirubin) and inflammation (alkaline phosphatase [ALP], absolute neutrophil count [ANC], ferritin [adjusted for iron status], and fibrinogen), using data from 10,026 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) recruited between 1999 and 2006. After adjustment for covariates we found that bilirubin was inversely associated with several phthalate metabolites (all p-values <0.0001), including the metabolites of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), in addition to monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) and mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP). Since bilirubin is a potent antioxidant these relationships suggest that phthalates may be associated with increased oxidative stress. Many of the same metabolites were also significantly and positively related with ANC, ALP, and ferritin, suggesting phthalates may be associated with increased inflammation. These markers may be useful in other studies of low-dose exposure to environmental contaminants.