The history and evolution of hand transplantation.

Hand transplantation has proven itself to be a viable treatment option for upper extremity reconstruction. It has grown through advancements in several critical areas: microsurgery, transplant immunology, and hand surgery. The field has also benefited from a global effort with active transplant centers in 3 different continents. The early struggles and breakthroughs of hand transplantation's past have shaped and formed its current state. This article traces the events of the modern era of hand transplantation. Copyright Â