Cleofé Peña-Gómez1, Roser Sala-Lonch1, Carme Junqué2, Immaculada C Clemente3, Dídac Vidal1, Núria Bargalló4, Carles Falcón5, Josep Valls-Solé6, Álvaro Pascual-Leone7, David Bartrés-Faz8. 1. Departament de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clínica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. 2. Departament de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clínica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain. 3. Departament de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clínica, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. 4. Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Diagnòstic per la Imatge, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. 5. Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER-BBN, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. 6. Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Laboratori d'Exploracions Neurofuncionals, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain. 7. Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació Guttmann-UAB, Badalona, Spain. 8. Departament de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clínica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: dbartres@ub.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Brain areas interact mutually to perform particular complex brain functions such as memory or language. Furthermore, under resting-state conditions several spatial patterns have been identified that resemble functional systems involved in cognitive functions. Among these, the default-mode network (DMN), which is consistently deactivated during task periods and is related to a variety of cognitive functions, has attracted most attention. In addition, in resting-state conditions some brain areas engaged in focused attention (such as the anticorrelated network, AN) show a strong negative correlation with DMN; as task demand increases, AN activity rises, and DMN activity falls. OBJECTIVE: We combined transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate these brain network dynamics. METHODS: Ten healthy young volunteers underwent four blocks of resting-state fMRI (10-minutes), each of them immediately after 20 minutes of sham or active tDCS (2 mA), on two different days. On the first day the anodal electrode was placed over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (part of the AN) with the cathode over the contralateral supraorbital area, and on the second day, the electrode arrangement was reversed (anode right-DLPFC, cathode left-supraorbital). RESULTS: After active stimulation, functional network connectivity revealed increased synchrony within the AN components and reduced synchrony in the DMN components. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals a reconfiguration of intrinsic brain activity networks after active tDCS. These effects may help to explain earlier reports of improvements in cognitive functions after anodal-tDCS, where increasing cortical excitability may have facilitated reconfiguration of functional brain networks to address upcoming cognitive demands.
BACKGROUND: Brain areas interact mutually to perform particular complex brain functions such as memory or language. Furthermore, under resting-state conditions several spatial patterns have been identified that resemble functional systems involved in cognitive functions. Among these, the default-mode network (DMN), which is consistently deactivated during task periods and is related to a variety of cognitive functions, has attracted most attention. In addition, in resting-state conditions some brain areas engaged in focused attention (such as the anticorrelated network, AN) show a strong negative correlation with DMN; as task demand increases, AN activity rises, and DMN activity falls. OBJECTIVE: We combined transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate these brain network dynamics. METHODS: Ten healthy young volunteers underwent four blocks of resting-state fMRI (10-minutes), each of them immediately after 20 minutes of sham or active tDCS (2 mA), on two different days. On the first day the anodal electrode was placed over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (part of the AN) with the cathode over the contralateral supraorbital area, and on the second day, the electrode arrangement was reversed (anode right-DLPFC, cathode left-supraorbital). RESULTS: After active stimulation, functional network connectivity revealed increased synchrony within the AN components and reduced synchrony in the DMN components. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals a reconfiguration of intrinsic brain activity networks after active tDCS. These effects may help to explain earlier reports of improvements in cognitive functions after anodal-tDCS, where increasing cortical excitability may have facilitated reconfiguration of functional brain networks to address upcoming cognitive demands.
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