Compartmentalization of the nucleus.

The nucleus is a spatially organized compartment. The most obvious way in which this is achieved is at the level of chromosomes. The positioning of chromosomes with respect to nuclear landmarks and with respect to each other is both non-random and cell-type specific. This suggests that cells possess molecular mechanisms to influence the folding and disposition of chromosomes within the nucleus. The localization of many proteins is also heterogeneous within the nucleus. Therefore, chromosome folding and the localization of proteins leads to a model in which individual genes are positioned in distinct protein environments that can affect their transcriptional state. We focus here on the spatial organization of the nucleus and how it impacts upon gene expression.