Monitoring free drug concentrations: challenges.

Measurement of drug concentrations in biological samples is of utmost importance in many research areas. The information about the amount of drug in a biological sample can be given as either total concentration, which ignores the interaction of the drug with the sample matrix, or as free concentration, which shows the portion of molecules able to diffuse through membranes and exert biological activity. Although the historical trend has been towards determining total concentrations, measurement of free concentrations is becoming more important since it correlates better with pharmacological and toxicological effects. This review will discuss the most popular experimental approaches for monitoring free drug concentrations, based on the type of sample to be investigated and the kind of information to be collected. It is shown that the current challenges in measuring free concentrations are: convenience, accuracy, precision, wide applicability, availability of accurate and precise reference methods, ruggedness, and standardized sample conditions.