Lung cancer associated venous thromboembolic disease: a comprehensive review.

The association of cancer and thrombotic events was first described by Trousseau in 1865. The spectrum of these episodes vary in severity, and these can present during or even prior to the diagnosis of cancer. Multiple factors in patients with lung cancer are associated with a higher risk of thrombosis. Patient-related, cancer-related and treatment-related factors contribute to the development of a thrombotic event. The incidence of thrombotic events in patients with lung cancer is one of the highest among all cancers. Certain particular conditions in lung cancer may be responsible to elevate this risk. Tissue factor (TF) over-expression is considered to be the most important element in cancer-related thrombosis. Several oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes have been implicated with this over-expression. The development of thrombosis in a cancer patient adversely influences prognosis. The use of prophylactic anticoagulation in lung cancer patients has been investigated but no consensus has been obtained regarding which patients are more likely to benefit. Models exist that can help predict this risk, but validation is required. Treatment guidelines of anticoagulation in patients who develop a thrombotic event are also discussed, but lung cancer patients have distinct characteristics that have to be taken in consideration. It is of great importance to identify the elements that will predict the risk of developing cancer-associated thrombosis because it will consequently influence the management and prognosis of the patient.