Collagenase activity in anterior cruciate ligament: protective role of the synovial sheath.

To evaluate the protective role of the synovial sheath of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), we have developed a synovectomy model that exposes the ACL substance to the intra-articular environment with and without hemarthrosis. Histology and the level of collagenase activity were studied to assess intrinsic ligament alterations. The treatment groups studied were as follows: ACLs of sham-operated knees receiving arthrotomy only, ACLs of knees receiving arthrotomy and acute hemarthrosis, ACLs of knees that underwent synovectomy, and ACLs of knees that underwent both synovectomy and acute hemarthrosis. All animals were killed 10 days postoperatively for gross, histological, and biochemical assessment. Histologically at 10 days ACLs experiencing synovectomy and ACLs having synovectomy plus hemarthrosis revealed marked hypocellular areas. Biochemical results indicate that synovectomy is the treatment mainly responsible for the observed increase in ACL collagenase activity. Hemarthrosis alone clearly had no effect, although hemarthrosis coupled with synovectomy appeared to further increase the amount of active collagenase present in the ACLs. This study indicates that, with exposure of the ACL substance to the synovial fluid or with hemarthrosis after synovectomy, there is an increase in the degradative activity of the ACL. The protective role of the synovial sheath suggests that the synovial sheath injury associated with acute ACL rupture may allow for exposure of the ligament substance to the degradative effects of the synovial environment and associated hemarthrosis.