Distribution of vitamins A (retinol) and E (α-tocopherol) in polar bear kidney: Implications for biomarker studies.

Vitamins A and E content of inner organs, among these the kidneys, are increasingly being used as an indicator of adverse effects caused to the organism by e.g. environmental contaminants. In general, only a renal sub sample is used for analyses, and it is thus essential to know which part of the organ to sample in order to get a representative value for this important biomarker. The aim here was to assess the distribution of vitamins A (retinol) and E (α-tocopherol) within the polar bear multireniculate kidney (i.e. polar vs. medial position) and also within the cortex vs. medulla of each separate renculi. The results showed no significant difference between the medial and polar renculi with regards to either retinol (p=0.44) or α-tocopherol (p=0.75). There were, however, significant differences between cortex and medulla for both vitamins (retinol, p=0.0003; α-tocopherol, p<0.0001). The kidney cortex contained higher values of both vitamins than the medulla; on average 29% more retinol and 57% more α-tocopherol. Mean concentrations in the medulla was 2.7 mg/kg for retinol and 116 mg/kg for α-tocopherol, and in the cortex 3.5 mg/kg for retinol and 182 mg/kg for α-tocopherol. These results clearly indicate that one should take precautions when analyzing retinol and α-tocopherol in polar bear kidneys. Prior to analysis, the renculi should be separated into medulla and cortex. The results indicated no significant differences between renculi from different parts of the kidney.