Mega-cloning and the advent of synthetic genomes.

Molecular biology owes its prominent role in the biological sciences to the tools of recombinant DNA. While the foundations of recombinant DNA were laid in the 1970s with the discovery of type II restriction endonucleases,1,2 development of robust sequencing technology3 and pioneering work on gene synthesis,4,5 it was not until the turn of the new millennium before the first complete synthetic viral genomes saw the light of day including that of hepatitis C,6 poliovirus,7 and bacteriophage PhiX174.8 Recombinant DNA has come of age as entire cellular genomes are sequenced and stored as digitized information. So what's next? One novel branch of recombinant DNA, referred to as synthetic genomics,9 is occupied with (re)construction of entire cellular genomes from virtual sequence information and using chemical components. Here we look at the most recent developments in such de novo construction. For a broader and more extensive review on genome engineering, the reader is referred to the excellent paper by Carr and Church.10.