Effectiveness of a multifaceted podiatry intervention to prevent falls in community dwelling older people with disabling foot pain: randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of a multifaceted podiatry intervention in preventing falls in community dwelling older people with disabling foot pain.
DESIGN: Parallel group randomised controlled trial.
SETTING: University health sciences clinic in Melbourne, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: 305 community dwelling men and women (mean age 74 (SD 6) years) with disabling foot pain and an increased risk of falling. 153 were allocated to a multifaceted podiatry intervention and 152 to routine podiatry care, with 12 months' follow-up.
INTERVENTIONS: Multifaceted podiatry intervention consisting of foot orthoses, advice on footwear, subsidy for footwear ($A100 voucher; £65; €74), a home based programme of foot and ankle exercises, a falls prevention education booklet, and routine podiatry care for 12 months. The control group received routine podiatry care for 12 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportion of fallers and multiple fallers, falling rate, and injuries resulting from falls during follow-up.
RESULTS: Overall, 264 falls occurred during the study. 296 participants returned all 12 calendars: 147 (96%) in the intervention group and 149 (98%) in the control group. Adherence was good, with 52% of the participants completing 75% or more of the requested three exercise sessions weekly, and 55% of those issued orthoses reporting wearing them most of the time. Participants in the intervention group (n=153) experienced 36% fewer falls than participants in the control group (incidence rate ratio 0.64, 95% confidence interval 0.45 to 0.91, P=0.01). The proportion of fallers and multiple fallers did not differ significantly between the groups (relative risk 0.85, 0.66 to 1.08, P=0.19 and 0.63, 0.38 to 1.04, P=0.07). One fracture occurred in the intervention group and seven in the control group (0.14, 0.02 to 1.15, P=0.07). Significant improvements in the intervention group compared with the control group were found for the domains of strength (ankle eversion), range of motion (ankle dorsiflexion and inversion/eversion), and balance (postural sway on the floor when barefoot and maximum balance range wearing shoes).
CONCLUSIONS: A multifaceted podiatry intervention reduced the rate of falls in community dwelling older people with disabling foot pain. The components of the intervention are inexpensive and relatively simple to implement, suggesting that the programme could be incorporated into routine podiatry practice or multidisciplinary falls prevention clinics. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12608000065392.

RCT Entities:   Population Interventions Outcomes

Introduction

Falls in older people are a major public health problem, with 1 in 3 people aged 65 and over falling each year.1 2 It is well recognised that falls result from the interaction between environmental hazards and physiological risk factors, such as impaired vision, muscle weakness, and slow reaction time.1 2 3 4 More recently, foot problems, which affect 1 in 3 older people5 6 7 and are a common reason for consultation in primary care,8 have been associated with falls. Specifically, foot pain, reduced range of motion, toe weakness, and toe deformity have each been shown to be independent risk factors for falling.9 10 In addition, footwear related risk factors for falls include walking barefoot, walking in socks alone or wearing shoes with inadequate fixation (that is, no laces, straps, or buckles), increased heel height, and reduced contact area of sole.11 12 13 14

Given the emerging evidence that foot problems and inappropriate footwear increase the risk of falls, several guidelines for falls prevention recommend that older people have their feet and footwear examined by a podiatrist.15 16 17 18 These guidelines do not, however, specify the assessment or intervention activities to be undertaken, and few randomised controlled trials have been carried out to inform clinical practice. Three multifactorial intervention studies have included assessment of participants’ feet and footwear as part of the protocol, with referral to a podiatrist when appropriate.19 20 21 However, the criteria for referral to a podiatrist were not described nor was there any analysis of the effectiveness or benefit of such referrals. Only one trial has been undertaken in relation to footwear, which specifically focused on a modification to reduce slipping on icy surfaces.22

To deal with this gap in the literature and to determine whether podiatry has a role in falls prevention, we carried out a randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of a novel, multifaceted podiatry intervention addressing foot and footwear risk factors in reducing the rate of falls in older community dwelling people with disabling foot pain.

Methods

Between July 2008 and September 2009 we recruited participants by post using a database of people who were accessing podiatry services at the La Trobe University Health Sciences Clinic, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia, and by advertisements in local newspapers and on the radio. Participants were eligible if they were community dwelling, were aged 65 years or over, were cognitively intact (defined as a score of ≥7 on the short portable mental status questionnaire),23 reported disabling foot pain (defined as foot pain lasting for at least a day within the last month and a positive response of “some days” or “most/every days” to at least one item on the Manchester foot pain and disability index),24 and had an increased risk of falling (defined as either a history of a fall in the previous 12 months, a score of >1 on the physiological profile assessment tool,3 or performance on the alternate stepping test of >10 seconds).25 Exclusion criteria included neurodegenerative disorders, leg amputation, inability to walk household distances (10 m) without the use of a walking aid, limited English language skills, and leg surgery three months before the initial assessment or planned leg surgery within a period of three months of the planned initial assessment.

Trial design

We carried out a parallel group randomised controlled trial with 12 months’ follow-up. An a priori sample size calculation, based on a falling rate of 60% in the control group, a 30% reduction in the proportion of fallers in the intervention group, a 15% dropout rate, 80% power, and a significance level of 5%, indicated that we needed 286 participants (143 per group). Participants were initially screened by phone for eligibility then assessed at baseline and at six months after baseline by an assessor blind to group allocation. Two assessors were available for the assessments and were allocated to participants based on their availability. Each participant was tested by the same assessor at both the baseline and six month follow-up appointments. Both assessors (MRF and EW) were physiotherapists. The baseline assessment was carried out after we had obtained written informed consent. Group allocation (randomisation) was then undertaken and the intervention was administered to those in the intervention group by MJS, a podiatrist. This occurred during a single session at the La Trobe University Health Sciences Clinic. Participants were then provided with a falls calendar to record any falls that occurred in the 12 months after the baseline assessment. Full details of the inclusion criteria and methods are reported in the trial protocol paper.26

Randomisation

Participants were randomly allocated to either the control group or the multifaceted podiatry intervention group. One investigator (MJS, who administered the intervention) used an interactive voice response telephone service provided by the National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre at the University of Sydney to carry out permuted block randomisation with mixed block lengths of four and six participants.

Interventions

Both the control group and the intervention group were asked to continue with the podiatry treatment they were currently receiving, and all were offered free podiatry treatment at the La Trobe University Health Sciences Clinic for the 12 months of the study. The intervention group was also provided with a multifaceted intervention package consisting of foot orthoses, advice and provision of footwear, a home based foot and ankle exercise programme, and education in falls prevention.

Foot orthoses—we issued prefabricated, full length, dual density orthoses made from a thermoformable cross linked closed cell polyethylene foam with a firm density base and a soft density top cover (Formthotics; Foot Science International, Christchurch, New Zealand) to each participant who was not currently wearing customised or prefabricated orthoses. Consistent with the manufacturer’s instructions, the orthoses were heat moulded to each participant’s foot shape. The orthoses were then appropriately customised using 3 mm thick Poron (Rogers, Rogers, CT), a urethane foam, to redistribute pressure away from plantar lesions, such as calluses, that were identified on the participant’s forefoot.

Footwear advice and provision—we used a validated footwear assessment form to assess participants’ outdoor footwear.27 Participants with inappropriate footwear (defined as a heel height >4.5 cm, or any two of no fixation, no heel counter, a heel counter that could be compressed greater than 45 degrees, a fully worn or smooth sole, or a shoe heel width narrower than the participant’s heel by at least 20%) were counselled on the specific identified hazardous features of the footwear and were provided with a handout on what constitutes a safe shoe. They were provided with the contact details of an extra depth and medical grade footwear retailer and asked to purchase a more appropriate pair of shoes. The purchase of footwear was subsidised by the provision of a voucher ($A100; £65; €74).

Home based foot and ankle exercise programme—participants were asked to perform a standardised 30 minute home based exercise programme three times a week for six months, aimed at stretching and strengthening the muscles of the foot and ankle (see web extra on bmj.com). All participants were prescribed the same exercise programme and were instructed to increase the number of repetitions or resistance at a self paced rate based on their ability to perform the exercise with no pain during the movement and no muscle soreness the next day. Participants were provided with a daily exercise diary to document their adherence to the programme and were instructed to return these each month in pre-paid envelopes. MJS telephoned the participants at 1, 4, 12, and 20 weeks to answer any queries and to promote adherence to the programme.

Falls prevention education—we provided each participant with a booklet produced by the Australian Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing.16 This booklet provides a general overview of risk factors for falls and outlines strategies to prevent falls. We also used diagrams and headings in the booklet to explain to each participant their risk of falls and to assist in discussing what participants could do to minimise their risk of falling.

Outcomes

The primary outcome measures were the proportion of fallers, the proportion of multiple fallers (those who fell on two or more occasions), and the falling rate (the number of falls per participant) in the 12 months after the baseline assessment. Falls were defined as “an unexpected event in which the participant comes to rest on the ground, floor, or lower level.”28 We collected data on falls using monthly falls calendars (returned in pre-paid envelopes) with follow-up telephone calls as required.

Secondary outcome measures recorded at baseline and at the six months’ follow-up assessment are described in detail in the protocol paper.26 These included clinical tests of foot and ankle strength and range of motion, balance, and functional ability; the total physiological profile assessment falls risk score3; pain and function subscales of the Manchester foot pain and disability index29; the short falls efficacy scale international30; and the mental and physical component summary scores of the short form health survey.31 The secondary outcomes were assessed at six months, as we considered this period sufficient for all of the interventions to be implemented and for any effects of the exercise programme to be apparent.

Statistical analysis

All analyses were carried out using the intention to treat principle. We analysed the number of falls per participant by using negative binomial regression to estimate the difference in falls rate between the groups. This approach takes into account all falls and adjusts for varying duration of follow-up.32 Using relative risks we compared the proportion of fallers and multiple fallers in each group. We compared the continuously scored secondary outcome measures using the linear regression approach to analysis of covariance, with baseline scores and intervention group entered as independent variables.33 Multiple imputation was used to replace missing data for the secondary measures at the six months’ follow-up, using five iterations, with age, baseline scores, and group allocation as predictors.34 35 Retrospective multiple testing using the Hochberg procedure36 was done on the secondary outcome measures, which were divided into eight domains of strength, range of motion, balance, functional ability, falls risk, foot pain and disability, fear of falling, and health related quality of life. Statistical analysis was undertaken using SPSS and Stata statistical software.

Results

The figure shows the flow of participants through the study. The sample consisted of 305 participants (94 men and 211 women) aged 65 to 93 years, mean age 73.9 (SD 5.9) years. The participants in the two groups had similar baseline characteristics (table 1). The mean duration of foot pain was 6.9 years and the regions most commonly affected were the toes (69%), forefoot (62%), mid-foot (48%), and heel (46%). During analysis it was identified that one participant who should have been excluded from the study (owing to Parkinson’s disease) was inadvertently included and allocated to the control group. To satisfy the intention to treat principle,37 data for this participant were included in the analyses (this participant did not report any falls during the trial period).

Flow of participants through study

Table 1

 Baseline characteristics of participants in intervention (multifaceted podiatry programme) and control (routine podiatry care) groups. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise

Characteristics	Podiatry intervention group (n=153)	Control group (n=152)
Mean (SD) age (years)	74.2 (6.0)	73.6 (5.7)
Women	106 (69)	105 (69)
Living alone	50 (33)	53 (35)
Mean (SD) body mass index	29.4 (5.0)	29.7 (5.4)
Medical conditions:
Diabetes	23 (15)	31 (20)
Stroke	10 (7)	12 (8)
Heart disease	34 (22)	31 (21)
Osteoarthritis	106 (69)	90 (59)
Rheumatoid arthritis	12 (8)	19 (13)
≥4 drugs	91 (60)	88 (58)
Fallen in past 12 months	82 (57)	83 (55)
≥2 falls in previous year	48 (32)	45 (30)
Physical activity:
Mean (SD) incidental activity (hrs/week)	33.9 (15.2)	36.0 (13.2)
Mean (SD) planned activity (hrs/week)	3.3 (3.5)	3.9 (4.3)
Mean (SD) duration of foot pain (years)	6.1 (7.5)	7.7 (8.1)
Location of foot pain:
Heel	80 (52.6)	61 (39.9)
Arch	80 (52.6)	67 (43.8)
Forefoot	92 (60.5)	97 (63.4)
Toes	102 (67.1)	109 (71.2)

Intervention adherence and participant retention

Participation in the exercise intervention as measured by the proportion of self reported completed exercise sessions was 66%, with 52% of the participants completing 75% or more of the requested three exercise sessions per week. At baseline, 50 participants (33%) in the intervention group and 46 (30%) in the control group were using foot orthoses. Of the 103 participants (67%) in the intervention group who were issued with foot orthoses at baseline, the following adherence rates were reported at the six months’ follow-up: 57 (55%) wore the orthoses most of the time, 14 (14%) some of the time, 8 (8%) a little of the time, 8 (8%) none of the time, and 16 (15%) were lost to follow-up.

Inappropriate footwear was identified at the baseline assessment in 41 participants (27%) in the intervention group and 46 (31%) in the control group. At the six months’ follow-up, of the 41 participants in the intervention group who were issued with footwear vouchers and advice, 15 (37%) reported wearing the new footwear most of the time, 7 (17%) some of the time, 3 (7%) a little of the time, 1 (3%) none of the time, 12 (29%) did not purchase new footwear, and 3 (7%) were lost to follow-up. The mean number of visits to a podiatrist during the 12 month trial period differed significantly between the intervention and control groups: 4.4 (SD 3.0) v 5.2 (SD 3.0), P=0.02.

At the six month follow-up, 28 participants failed to attend (19 from the intervention group and nine from the control group), giving completion rates of 86% and 94%, respectively, although some of these continued to provide falls calendars. At the end of the 12 month period, nine participants had withdrawn from the trial (six from the intervention group and three from the control group), giving completion rates of 96% and 98%, respectively. The figure shows the reasons given for non-completion. One death occurred during the trial, which was unrelated to the intervention and was not falls related. None of the participants reported any adverse events during the trial.

Primary outcomes

All 305 participants completed one or more falls calendars and 296 returned all 12 calendars: 147 (96%) in the intervention group and 149 (98%) in the control group. The mean number of days of follow-up for the primary outcome measures was similar between the intervention and control groups: 357.0 (SD 43.4) v 361.5 (30.2). In total, 264 falls occurred during the study, with the intervention group recording 103 and the control group 161. Table 2 shows the rate of falls and the proportion of fallers and multiple fallers in each group over the 12 month period. The mean number of falls per person per year was 1.06 for the control group (range 0-15) and 0.67 for the intervention group (range 0-6). This corresponds to a 36% reduction in the falls rate during the trial for the intervention group compared with the control group (incidence rate ratio 0.64, 95% confidence interval 0.45 to 0.91, P=0.01). The proportion of fallers did not differ significantly between the groups (relative risk 0.85, 95% confidence interval 0.66 to 1.08, P=0.19) or multiple fallers (0.63, 0.38 to 1.04, P=0.07).

Table 2

 Falls rate and proportions of fallers and multiple fallers by treatment group over 12 month trial period. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise

Outcome measure	Podiatry intervention group (n=153)	Control group (n=152)	Falls risk ratio (95% CI)	P value
Mean (range) falls per participant	0.67 (0-6)	1.06 (0-15)	0.64 (0.45 to 0.91)*	0.01
≥1 falls	64 (42)	75 (49)	0.85 (0.66 to 1.08)†	0.19
≥2 falls	21 (14)	33 (22)	0.63 (0.38 to 1.04)†	0.07

*Incidence rate ratio.

†Relative risk.

The median number of days to the first fall during follow-up was 85 in the intervention group and 64 in the control group. In total, eight participants had falls that resulted in fractures, with the intervention group accounting for one of these and the control group accounting for the other seven (0.14, 0.02 to 1.15, Fisher’s exact test, P=0.07). Five participants in each group were admitted to hospital after a fall. A further seven (two in the intervention group and five in the control group) presented to the emergency department after a fall, and another 24 (13 in the intervention group and 11 in the control group) consulted their general practitioner after a fall.

Secondary outcomes

Six month follow-up data for the secondary outcome measures were available for 91% of the participants (87% of the intervention group and 94% of the control group). The mean time between baseline and six month follow-up assessments was similar between the intervention and control groups: 184.1 (SD 13.6) v 184.3 (13.4) days. Missing data were considered not to be missing completely at random (Little’s test χ2=180.8, P<0.001) and were therefore imputed, with age, baseline scores, and group allocation as predictors. Table 3 shows baseline and six month scores for the secondary outcome measures in the domains of strength, range of motion, balance, functional ability, risk of falls, foot pain and disability, fear of falling, and health related quality of life. Significant improvements in the intervention group compared with the control group were found for the domains of strength (ankle eversion), range of motion (ankle dorsiflexion and inversion/eversion), and balance (postural sway on the floor when barefoot and maximum balance range test wearing shoes). Six of the eight secondary outcome measures remained significantly different between the groups at the P<0.05 level after Hochberg adjustment.

Table 3

 Secondary outcome measures at baseline and six month follow-up. Values are means (standard deviations) unless otherwise stated

Variables	Podiatry intervention group (n=153)			Control group (n=152)		Adjusted mean difference (95% CI)†	P value
	Baseline	Follow-up		Baseline	Follow-up
Strength (Newtons):
Ankle dorsiflexion	154.72 (41.65)	171.29 (45.54)		152.11 (46.11)	161.74 (44.57)	7.60 (−0.41 to 15.62)	0.063
Ankle plantarflexion	206.17 (55.29)	229.05 (51.18)		199.01 (51.72)	220.63 (50.97)	3.94 (−5.75 to 13.63)	0.423
Ankle inversion	100.73 (34.91)	106.15 (34.03)		102.90 (34.66)	102.43 (31.64)	5.33 (0.53 to 10.13)	0.030
Ankle eversion	97.85 (29.08)	107.76 (28.19)		99.18 (30.60)	100.99 (28.50)	7.69 (2.87 to 12.51)	0.002*
Lesser toe plantarflexion	68.00 (25.06)	74.15 (29.94)		67.95 (27.18)	70.09 (27.09)	4.01 (−1.14 to 9.17)	0.125
Hallux plantarflexion	68.23 (26.97)	69.62 (30.08)		68.95 (27.98)	69.79 (28.00)	0.43 (−4.00 to 4.87)	0.847
Range of motion (degrees):
Ankle dorsiflexion, knee extended	30.91 (5.60)	32.81 (6.69)		30.41 (6.32)	31.06 (6.10)	1.37 (0.34 to 2.41)	0.009*
Ankle dorsiflexion, knee flexed	39.96 (7.07)	40.70 (7.64)		38.69 (6.81)	38.60 (6.00)	1.05 (0.18 to 1.92)	0.018*
Ankle inversion/eversion	32.56 (9.51)	36.12 (11.74)		32.63 (9.65)	33.51 (9.84)	2.66 (0.65 to 4.66)	0.010*
1st MTPJ dorsiflexion	72.85 (18.76)	76.32 (18.41)		75.83 (16.71)	78.98 (15.59)	−0.18 (−2.27 to 1.91)	0.865
Balance tests:
Postural sway on floor, barefoot (mm²)	137.82 (205.87)	94.43 (38.21)		114.37 (121.06)	119.58 (125.19)	−28.63 (−49.08 to −8.17)	0.003*
Postural sway on foam, barefoot (mm²)	215.87 (203.26)	163.92 (99.14)		238.03 (235.39)	221.58 (321.16)	−51.02 (−103.49 to 1.44)	0.083
Postural sway on floor, shod (mm²)	114.66 (75.67)	104.65 (38.81)		120.62 (76.03)	118.26 (118.66)	−10.95 (−29.76 to 7.87)	0.478
Postural sway on foam, shod (mm²)	201.49 (148.90)	181.07 (119.10)		224.15 (182.76)	191.68 (194.99)	−2.96 (−34.42 to 31.50)	0.888
Maximum balance range, barefoot (mm)	116.16 (33.17)	132.99(30.74)		108.37 (28.41)	123.88 (26.34)	4.00 (−1.21 to 9.20)	0.131
Maximum balance range, shod (mm)	125.02 (27.74)	140.29(27.47)		122.48 (27.18)	127.80 (28.685)	10.83 (5.48 to 16.19)	<0.001*
Coordinated stability, barefoot (errors)	9.20 (8.13)	8.11 (7.74)		10.18 (8.40)	9.27 (8.06)	−0.50 (−1.74 to 0.74)	0.051
Coordinated stability, shod (errors)	7.78 (7.17)	7.15 (6.63)		8.96 (7.80)	7.42 (6.78)	0.48 (−0.58 to 1.54)	0.421
Lateral stability, barefoot (mm)	58.42 (40.79)	52.79 (37.66)		63.64 (44.91)	53.58 (40.14)	1.54 (−6.71 to 9.80)	0.889
Lateral stability, shod (mm)	50.09 (37.27)	49.54 (32.02)		48.78 (32.83)	48.55 (29.43)	−0.52 (−6.07 to 7.11)	0.918
Functional ability:
Alternate step test (s)	11.95 (4.39)	10.30 (3.94)		11.56 (3.84)	10.54 (3.93)	−0.53 (−1.12 to 0.07)	0.038
Six metre walk (m/s)	0.95 (0.20)	0.98 (0.20)		0.96 (0.20)	0.99 (0.21)	0.00 (−0.03 to 0.03)	0.959
Sit to stand (s)	13.41 (4.16)	12.78 (6.58)		13.37 (4.56)	12.45 (5.81)	0.29 (−0.79 to 1.38)	0.348
Falls risk:
PPA total score	1.28 (0.93)	0.82 (0.93)		1.38 (1.00)	1.05 (0.99)	−0.17 (−0.35 to 0.01)	0.059
Foot pain and disability:
MFPDI, pain subscale	3.86 (1.95)	2.76 (2.17)		4.03 (2.04)	3.27 (2.50)	−0.42 (−0.91 to 0.08)	0.101
MFPDI, function subscale	8.01 (4.39)	5.67 (4.59)		8.04 (4.40)	6.23 (4.86)	−0.55 (−1.49 to 0.40)	0.257
Fear of falling:
Falls efficacy scale international	13.08 (3.99)	12.00 (4.41)		13.38 (4.51)	12.50 (3.94)	−0.31 (−1.06 to 0.44)	0.419
Health related quality of life:
SF-12 physical score	38.77 (10.08)	40.01 (9.85)		39.83 (9.28)	39.49 (10.75)	1.33 (−0.40 to 3.06)	0.131
SF-12 mental score	50.16 (11.14)	50.51 (10.47)		49.09 (10.44)	50.08 (9.43)	−0.14 (−2.00 to 1.71)	0.881

PPA=physiological profile assessment; MTPJ=metatarsophalangeal joint; MFPDI=Manchester foot pain and disability index, SF-12=short form 12 health survey.

*P<0.05 after retrospective testing using Hochberg procedure.

†Adjusted for baseline score and intervention group using analysis of covariance.

Discussion

A multifaceted podiatry intervention was effective in reducing falls in community dwelling older people with disabling foot pain, suggesting that this approach may be a useful addition to existing falls prevention programmes. This randomised trial is the first to evaluate a falls prevention intervention specifically targeting foot and footwear risk factors. The observed 36% reduction in falls rate is similar to the reduction achieved with individually prescribed multiple component home based exercises, Tai Chi, and cataract surgery reported in the most recent Cochrane review of community based falls prevention trials.38 In addition to the reduced falling rate, fewer participants in the intervention group than control group had a fracture resulting from a fall during the trial, but this did not reach significance (P=0.07). This pattern is similar to that found in other fall prevention studies involving home based exercise39 and cataract surgery.40 It is likely that the lack of a significant reduction in fractures in this trial resulted from the relatively small number of fractures reported, with consequent low statistical power for this outcome measure.

The proportion of fallers or multiple fallers did not differ significantly between the groups, although the trend was for a greater proportion of fallers in the control group, particularly multiple fallers. Although it is not uncommon for trials on falls to report a reduction in the rate of falls but no significant difference in the proportion of fallers,41 42 43 this trial may have been underpowered for detecting a difference in the proportion of fallers, as our sample had a lower risk of falls than anticipated. The a priori sample size calculation used a falls rate of 60% in the control group based on a previous study of older people with foot pain, but during the trial only 49% of the control group fell.

Analysis of the secondary outcome measures suggests that the observed reduction in falls may in part be mediated by increases in foot and ankle strength and range of motion, leading to improvements in balance and functional ability. It has been shown previously that muscle strength at the ankle is correlated with balance,44 45 walking speed,46 and functional movements.47 48 49 Although increases in muscle strength after exercise interventions with associated improvements in balance, functional ability, and reduction in falls have been well established,38 50 51 previous studies have concentrated on muscle groups proximal to the foot and ankle. While this is the first large randomised trial to focus specifically on the foot and ankle, it concurs with smaller trials that have reported improvements in foot and ankle strength after exercise programmes.49 52 53 The observed improvements in the intervention group in strength and range of motion, in conjunction with improvement in some balance measures, suggest that the intervention resulted in changes in the musculoskeletal system that reduces the risk of falling.

The multifaceted nature of the intervention makes it difficult to delineate the relative contribution of each component in preventing falls. However, it is likely that the exercise programme was the key component of the intervention, for two main reasons. Firstly, improvements occurred in the secondary outcomes of foot and ankle strength and range of motion, which are unlikely to have resulted from the footwear or foot orthoses components. Secondly, less than one third of the study population presented with inappropriate footwear, and only 17% (n=26) of the intervention group purchased new footwear, so the contribution of this component of the intervention would have been relatively minor. Although the foot orthoses used in the study were not specifically designed to improve balance, they may have had a direct effect on balance by improving foot stability and enhancing plantar sensory feedback54 and an indirect effect by reducing plantar pressure and foot pain, both of which have been identified as risk factors for falls.55

The relatively low need to provide new footwear was a surprising aspect of this trial, as previous studies have indicated that between 43% and 75% of older people wear inappropriate footwear.12 13 56 A likely explanation for the relatively low prevalence of inappropriate footwear is that most of the participants regularly accessed podiatry services, where appropriate footwear would have been frequently emphasised. However, it also needs to be acknowledged that we did not consider participants’ indoor footwear. It has previously been reported that selection of indoor footwear by older people is influenced primarily by comfort and low cost, and that household shoes are infrequently replaced.57 As such, it is possible that several participants wore suboptimal indoor footwear that may have contributed to their risk of falling.

Adherence to the intervention

Adherence to the intervention was generally good, with more than half of the participants performing 75% of the exercise sessions and wearing the foot orthoses on a regular basis. However, 29% of those identified as wearing inappropriate outdoor footwear did not take up the option of purchasing new shoes, despite receiving advice about the possible risks associated with their footwear and being provided with a voucher to partly cover the costs. Several previous studies have reported difficulties in convincing older people to change their footwear to improve their foot health or decrease their risk of falls,58 59 60 which has been attributed to the unique role of footwear as both an item of clothing and a health related intervention.61 Given the somewhat conflicting requirements of aesthetics and function, specifically in relation to women’s shoes, it is likely that full adherence to footwear interventions will continue to be difficult to achieve.

Despite the inherent difficulties in promoting adherence to footwear recommendations, the multifaceted intervention evaluated in this study could potentially be incorporated into routine podiatry practice or multidisciplinary falls prevention clinics. The home based exercise programme is feasible for older people to undertake, requires simple and inexpensive equipment, and can be easily explained to participants with the assistance of a booklet and accompanying DVD. Furthermore, the foot orthoses used are prefabricated, so do not require the time consuming and costly casting and manufacturing processes associated with individually customised devices. The cost effectiveness of the multifaceted intervention is yet to be undertaken, however, and would vary according to the clinical context in which it was to be administered.

Strengths and limitations of the study

The strengths of our study are its high completion rate and small losses to follow-up. However, the findings need to be interpreted in the context of certain limitations. Firstly, owing to the nature of the intervention, it was not possible to blind participants to their group allocation. Secondly, the sample may have been biased towards volunteers with a heightened interest and commitment in the intervention, as 195 people who initially expressed interest declined participation, primarily due to reluctance to commit to the study for a 12 month period. Thirdly, the intervention did not target all relevant risk factors for foot and ankle. Both hallux valgus and deformity of the lesser toes have been shown to increase the risk of falls,9 10 but these conditions generally require surgical treatment, which was beyond the scope of the study. Finally, care needs to be taken in generalising these findings, as all participants were living independently in the community, had disabling foot pain and an increased risk of falling, and regularly accessed podiatry services. Whether the intervention is effective in residential care settings or in older people without foot pain requires further investigation.

Conclusions

The findings of this study show that a multifaceted podiatry intervention is an effective falls prevention strategy in older people with disabling foot pain and an increased risk of falls. The reduction in falls is likely to be related to the significant improvements found in several measures of foot and ankle strength and range of motion, balance, and functional ability. The components of the intervention are inexpensive and relatively simple to implement, suggesting that the programme could be incorporated into routine podiatry practice or multidisciplinary falls prevention clinics.

Foot problems impair balance and gait and increase the risk of falls

Inappropriate footwear impairs balance and increases the risk of falls

A multifaceted podiatry intervention consisting of a foot and ankle exercise programme, foot orthoses, advice on footwear, subsidised footwear, and general falls education significantly reduced the rate of falls in community dwelling older people with disabling foot pain