Differentiation and hybridization between Quercus crispula and Q. dentata (Fagaceae): insights from morphological traits, amplified fragment length polymorphism markers, and leafminer composition.

Quercus crispula and Q. dentata (Fagaceae) are dominant members of cool-temperate forests of Japan and are assumed to hybridize in nature. To characterize and discriminate these two species and their hybrids, we carried out multivariate analysis using several morphological traits and principal coordinate analysis using molecular (amplified fragment length polymorphism [AFLP]) data. Further, we examined the composition of Phyllonorycter species (leafmining insects) on individuals from a mixed forest. Morphological traits and Phyllonorycter composition differ enough in these two oak species to be useful for identification of species and hybrids. AFLP data, however, are less informative because the degree of molecular differentiation between the two species is low. Nine out of 105 individuals from a mixed stand had intermediate morphologies according to the multivariate analysis, and eight out of the nine individuals had intermediate Phyllonorycter composition in either one or both of the two study years. These eight individuals were tentatively assigned as hybrids or backcross individuals, and the remaining individual with intermediate morphologies was assigned as Q. dentata according to its Phyllonorycter composition and the AFLP analysis.