| Literature DB >> 21644387 |
Amanda K Purdy1, Kerry S Campbell.
Abstract
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Year: 2010 PMID: 21644387 PMCID: PMC6135950 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2010.07.14
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi ISSN: 1009-3419
1NK细胞的活性由抑制性受体和激活性受体之间的平衡调控。NK细胞的活性是NK细胞与含MHC-Ⅰ的正常靶细胞相互作用的结果(A,耐受);NK细胞与MHC-Ⅰ表达丢失的异常肿瘤细胞相互作用的结果(B,激活)。激活性受体(KIR、NKG2D、CD16和NCRs,图中仅显示了NKp44)与靶细胞上的配体结合后通过辅助分子的同二聚体或异二聚体的跨膜交换刺激NK细胞发挥细胞毒性和生成细胞因子。这些辅助分子募集信号效应分子[Syk或ZAP-70,磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶(PI3K)或Grb2]至磷酸化酪氨酸(Y-P)胞浆基序(ITAM或YINM),介导下游激活性信号的传导。当细胞发生应激反应、癌性转化或病毒感染时,一些激活性受体的配体(如NKG2D的配体MICA/B和ULBP)表达上调,进一步增强NK细胞活性。通过正常细胞表面的MHC-Ⅰ分子(HLA-A, -B, -C和-E)与抑制性受体结合,正常细胞可逃避NK细胞依赖性细胞毒性作用。与MHC-Ⅰ结合后,抑制性KIR(KIR2DL和KIR3DL)和受体NKG2A/CD94的胞质ITIM序列的酪氨酸残基发生磷酸化。ITIM磷酸化可引起含SH2区域的磷酸酶SHP-1和/或SHP-2的募集,抑制近膜端酪氨酸的磷酸化,进而阻止激活性信号的传导
NK cell activity is controlled by the balance of inhibitory and activating receptors. NK cell activity resulting from the interaction of a NK cell with a normal, MHC-Ⅰ bearing target (A, tolerance) and an abnormal, tumor cell that has lost MHC-Ⅰ expression (B, activation). Engagement of activating receptors (KIR, NKG2D, CD16 and the NCRs; only NKp44 is shown) with ligands on target cells stimulates NK cell cytotoxicity and the production of cytokines through transmembrane charge-based association with homo- or heterodimers of accessory molecules. The accessory molecules recruit signaling effector molecules (Syk or ZAP-70, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), or Grb2) to tyrosine phosphorylated (Y-P) cytoplasmic motifs (ITAM or YINM), which mediate downstream activation signaling. Some activating receptor ligands are upregulated after cellular stress, cancerous transformation or viral infection (e.g., the NKG2D ligands, MICA/B and ULBP), further increasing NK cell activity. Normal cells are protected from NK cell-dependent cytotoxicity throug the engagement of inhibitory receptors with MHC-Ⅰ molecules (HLA-A, -B, -C and -E) on the normal target cell surface. Upon engagement with MHC-Ⅰ, inhibitory KIR (KIR2DL and KIR3DL) and NKG2A/CD94 receptors become phosphorylated on tyrosine residues within the cytoplasmic ITIM sequences. ITIM phosphorylation leads to the recruitment of SH2 domain-containing phosphatases SHP-1 and/or SHP-2, which dominantly suppressthemembrane-proximaltyrosine phosphorylation events to block activation signaling
杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体(KIR)的家族成员
Killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) family members
| 基因名 | 别名 | 配基上的识别序列 | 配基的常见等位基因 |
| *KIR2DL5 gene is duplicated and encoded by two separate loci within the LRC gene cluster; 127
AActivating KIR bind classical HLA molecules with low affinity; BThere are conflicting reports as to the HLA-C alleles that KIR2DS4 binds.76, 77 | |||
| KIR2DL1 | CD158a, nkat1 | HLA-C2 | C2: Cw2, Cw4, Cw5, Cw6 |
| KIR2DL2 | CD158b1, nkat6 | HLA-C1>HLA-C2 | C1: Cw1, Cw3, Cw7, Cw8 |
| KIR2DL3 | CD158b2, nkat2 | HLA-C1>HLA-C2 | C1: Cw1, Cw3, Cw7, Cw8 |
| KIR2DL5A* | CD158f | Unknown | |
| KIR2DL5B* | KIR2DL5.2 | Unknown | |
| KIR3DL1 | NKB1, nkat3 | HLA-Bw4 and some HLA-A | B08, B27, B57, A24 |
| KIR3DL2 | CD158k, nkat4 | Certain HLA-A allotypes | A3, A11 |
| KIR3DL3 | CD158z | Unknown | |
| KIR2DL4 | CD158d | HLA-G | |
| KIR2DS1 | CD158h | HLA-C2A | C2: Cw2, Cw4, Cw5, Cw6 |
| KIR2DS2 | CD158j, nkat5 | HLA-C1A | C1: Cw1, Cw3, Cw7, Cw8 |
| KIR2DS3 | nkat7 | HLA-C1A | C1: Cw1, Cw3, Cw7, Cw8 |
| KIR2DS4 | CD158i, nkat8 | disease peptide?; HLA-CA | Cw3, Cw4B |
| KIR2DS5 | CD158g, nkat9 | Unknown | |
| KIR3DS1 | CD158e2, nkat10 | HLA-Bw4? | |
2KIR遗传和表达的多因素的多样性。(A)抑制性KIR对不同HLA分子的亲和力不同,但也有小部分重叠。KIR2DL1对HLA-C2亲和力强;KIR2DL2和KIR2DL3对HLA-C1的亲和力强,但对HLA-C2亲和力弱;KIR3DL1可识别HLA-B和某些HLA-A同种异型内的Bw4基序,而非Bw6基序;已知KIR3DL2仅识别HLA-A3和-A11。图中显示了配体间的相互作用,粗线代表亲和力强。没有连接线的HLA分子(如Bw6和其它等位基因A)不能被KIR识别。(B)KIR基因是两种主要的单倍体(单倍体A和单倍体B)基因阵列所遗传的。单倍体A编码大部分的抑制性KIR(KIR2DL/KIR3DL),仅编码1-2个激活性KIR(KIR2DL4和/或KIR2DS4),而更多的单倍体B编码其它的激活性KIR(KIR2DS/KIR3DS)。图B显示了4个假想供者的两种单倍体并列出遗传的抑制性和激活性KIR。由于大部分KIR2DS4基因中22bp的缺失导致提前到达终止密码子(称为KIR2DS4Δ基因),因此很多携带单倍体A和某些单倍体B的个体不能表达功能性KIR2DS4蛋白。(C)小的KIR等位基因多态性可影响KIR在细胞表面的呈递及其在细胞表面的表达水平。很多小的多态性仅仅是一个或数个氨基酸不同,目前还不清楚某些变异是否也会改变KIR对HLA的识别。图中列出了可影响表达的等位基因KIR2DL4、KIR2DS4、KIR3DL1和KIR3DL2。(D)在NK细胞分化过程中,KIR表达的不同形成了KIR表达和NK细胞活性多种多样的NK细胞池。在本例中,如果KIR2DL1为表达于个体NK细胞表面的唯一抑制性受体,那么缺乏HLA-C2表达的人会生成低反应性的NK细胞(不具有自身识别能力)。相反,表达其相应配体存在的抑制性KIR(KIR2DL2, KIR3DL1)的NK细胞是完全具有功能的(具有自我识别能力)。目前情况变得更加错综复杂,Fauriat等的研究显示KIR3DL2并不能给予NK细胞“执照”[,这提示仅仅表达自我识别受体KIR3DL2的NK细胞也是低反应性的。由于激活性(“S”)KIR与HLA的亲和力较低,它们之间的相互作用未在图中标注
Multifactorial diversity of KIR inheritance and expression. (A) Inhibitory KIR have separate and sometimes overlapping affinity for distinct HLA molecules. KIR2DL1 has strong affinity for HLA-C2, while KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 recognize HLA-C1 with strong affinity and HLA-C2 weakly. KIR3DL1 recognizes Bw4 motifs, but not Bw6 motifs in HLA-B and some -A allotypes, while KIR3DL2 is only known to recognize HLA-A3 and -A11. The ligand interactions are indicated, with wider lines signifying a stronger affinity, while the HLA groups lacking lines (e.g., Bw6 and other A alleles) are not recognized by any KIR. (B) KIR genes are inherited in gene arrays named haplotypes of which two major subtypes exist (designated haplotypes A and B). The A haplotypes encode mainly inhibitory KIR (KIR2DL/KIR3DL) with only 1–2 activating KIR (KIR2DL4 and/or KIR2DS4), while the more diverse B haplotypes encode additional activating KIR (KIR2DS/KIR3DS). Representative examples for both haplotypes from four hypothetical human donors are shown with the inherited inhibitory and activating KIR listed. Due to a 22 bp deletion leading to a premature stop codon in a large fraction of KIR2DS4 genes (denoted KIR2DS4Δ), many individuals with A and some B haplotypes fail to express functional KIR2DS4 protein. (C) Minor KIR allelic polymorphism can affect both the presence of KIR on the cell surface and their level of surface expression. Many of these minor polymorphisms vary at only one or a few amino acids and it is currently unclear whether some variations also alter HLA recognition. Examples of some KIR2DL4, KIR2DS4, KIR3DL1 and KIR3DL2 alleles that affect expression are shown. (D) The variegated expression of KIR during NK cell differentiation will generate a pool of NK cells that is heterogeneous for KIR expression and NK cell activity. In this example, a person lacking expression of HLA-C2 would generate a hyporesponsive NK cell if KIR2DL1 was the only inhibitory receptor expressed on an individual NK cell (no self-recognition). In contrast, NK cells that express inhibitory KIR for which ligand is present (KIR2DL2, KIR3DL1), would become fully functional (self-recognition). Adding to the complexity, Fauriat et al. showed that KIR3DL2 was unable to license NK cells, 92 indicating that an NK cell only expressing KIR3DL2 as a self-recognizing receptor would also be hyporesponsive. Due to their low affinity, interactions between activating ("S") KIR and HLA are not indicated