Avulsion of permanent teeth: theory to practice.

This paper presents clinical protocols for the emergency, early and post treatment complications of the avulsed tooth. The biological basis for these protocols is presented so that the reader understands the clinical decisions that have been made. Most of the protocols described in this article, but not all, have been adopted in the official guidelines of the International Association of Dental Traumatology. Some experimental results are promising and they have therefore been included in the review to stimulate colleagues to further research.