The use of blood analysis to evaluate trace mineral status in ruminant livestock.

This article summarizes effects and evaluation of 8 trace minerals considered significant in ruminant nutrition, both for nutritional deficiencies as well as production-related toxicosis: cobalt, copper, iron, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc. Changes in availability, metabolism, and amounts needed for optimum health and productivity in animals are their major effect; frank clinical toxicosis or severe nutritional deficiency are of limited concern in modern production agriculture. The information provided in this article can help to manage the risk of subtle effects that may alter performance and lifetime productivity.