Tempo and mode of species diversification in Dolichopoda cave crickets (Orthoptera, Rhaphidophoridae).

This study focuses on the phylogenetic relationships among ninety percent of known Dolichopoda species (44 out of 49); primarily a Mediterranean genus, distributed from eastern Pyrenees to Caucasus. A total of 2490 base pairs were sequenced corresponding to partial sequences of one nuclear (28SrRNA) and three mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S and COI). A relaxed molecular clock, inferred from Bayesian analysis was applied to estimate the divergence times between the lineages using well dated palaeoevents of the study areas. Molecular substitution rates per lineage per million years were also obtained for each analyzed gene. Based on the nearly complete species phylogeny, temporal patterns of diversification were analyzed using Lineage-Through-Time plots and diversification statistics. Alternative hypotheses about the colonization of present range by Dolichopoda species were tested by means of Approximate Bayesian Computation analysis. Results from this analysis carried out on the 90% of known Dolichopoda species confirmed the previous ones based on subgroups of species, suggesting the ABC analysis as a remarkable tool in biogeographic studies. Based on these results, the distribution of Dolichopoda species appears to have been shaped by the palaeogeographic and climatic events that occurred from Late Miocene up to the Plio-Pleistocene. Both vicariance and dispersal events appear to have influenced Dolichopoda species distributions, with many processes occurring in ancestral epigean populations before the invasion of the subterranean environment.