Isolation and characterization of exopolysaccharide secreted by a toxic dinoflagellate, Amphidinium carterae Hulburt 1957 and its probable role in harmful algal blooms (HABs).

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by a toxic dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae Hulburt 1957 was isolated and characterized. Molecular masses of the EPS were about 233 and 1,354 kDa. Spectral analyses by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier Transformed-Infrared Spectroscopy revealed the characteristic of the functional groups viz. primary amine, carboxyl, halide, and sulfate groups present in the EPS. However, five elements (C, O, Na, S, and Ca) were detected by scanning electron microscopy - energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) analysis. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetric analysis confirmed the amorphous nature of EPS, which was comprised of an average particle size of 13.969 μm (d 0.5) with 181 nm average roughness. Two monosaccharide constituents, galactose (73.13%) and glucose (26.87%) were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis. Thermal gravimetric analysis revealed that degradation of EPS obtained from A. carterae takes place in three steps. The EPS produced by A. carterae was found to be beneficial for the growth of both A. carterae and Bacillus pumilus. The potential heterogeneous properties of EPS may play an important role in harmful algal bloom.