Human papillomavirus vaccine: widening the scope for cancer prevention.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the necessary cause of cervical cancer. The HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 have crucial roles in various steps of carcinogenesis, inducing degradation of p53 and destabilization of pRb. Several clinical trials show that recombinant HPV vaccines are safe and effective in preventing persistent infection of HPV and associated anogenital lesions. Although most clinical studies to date have investigated the effectiveness of HPV vaccines in young female subjects, elderly females and males may also be candidates for HPV vaccines. Prophylactic HPV vaccination may be an ideal preventive method for other HPV-associated cancers in addition to cervical carcinoma. Carcinogenesis by HPV, efficacy trials of currently available HPV vaccines, and the possible roles of HPV vaccines in the prevention of HPV-associated cancers are reviewed in this article.