Exposure to nicotine and ethanol in adolescent mice: effects on depressive-like behavior during exposure and withdrawal.

Depression and use of addictive substances are two of the most frequent public health problems of adolescents. However, little is known about the association between depression and drug use. Considering that ethanol and nicotine are the most widely used and abused drugs by adolescents, here, we evaluated the depressive-like behavior of C57BL/6 male and female mice exposed to nicotine (NIC) and/or ethanol (ETOH) from the 30th to the 45th (PN30-45) postnatal day. Four groups were analyzed: 1) concomitant NIC (50μg/ml in 2% saccharin to drink) and ETOH (25%, 2g/kg i.p. injected every other day) exposure; 2) NIC exposure; 3) ETOH exposure; 4) vehicle. Immobile behavior, an animal model of depressive behavior, was assessed in the forced swimming test (FST) while the anhedonic state was assessed in the sucrose preference test (SPT) by the end of exposure (PN45-47) as well as during short- (PN50-52) and long-term (PN75-77) withdrawal. In the FST, ETOH female mice showed a reduction in immobility time by the end of exposure while, during long-term withdrawal, immobility time was increased. Short-term withdrawal elicited an increase in immobility time only in female NIC mice. In the SPT, males from both NIC and NIC+ETOH groups showed increased sucrose consumption, suggesting a reward-craving effect during short-term withdrawal. During long-term withdrawal, NIC male mice showed an anhedonic effect. Adolescent nicotine, ethanol and nicotine+ethanol combined exposures during adolescence thus elicit gender-selective effects both during exposure and withdrawal that may contribute to the increased prevalence of depression among drug users.