BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Addictions to heroin or to cocaine are associated with substantial psychiatric comorbidity, including depression. Poly-drug self-exposure (eg, to heroin, cocaine, cannabis, or alcohol) is also common, and may further affect depression comorbidity. METHODS: This case-control study examined the relationship of exposure to the above drugs and depression comorbidity. Participants were recruited from methadone maintenance clinics, and from the community. Adult male and female participants (n = 1,201) were ascertained consecutively by experienced licensed clinicians. The instruments used were the SCID-I, and Kreek-McHugh-Schluger-Kellogg (KMSK) scales, which provide a rapid dimensional measure of maximal lifetime self-exposure to each of the above drugs. This measure ranges from no exposure to high unit dose, high frequency, and long duration of exposure. RESULTS: A multiple logistic regression with stepwise variable selection revealed that increasing exposure to heroin or to cocaine was associated greater odds of depression, with all cases and controls combined. In cases with an opioid dependence diagnosis, increasing cocaine exposure was associated with a further increase in odds of depression. However, in cases with a cocaine dependence diagnosis, increasing exposure to either cannabis or alcohol, as well as heroin, was associated with a further increase in odds of depression. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: This dimensional analysis of exposure to specific drugs provides insights on depression comorbidity with addictive diseases, and the impact of poly-drug exposure. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: A rapid analysis of exposure to drugs of abuse reveals how specific patterns of drug and poly-drug exposure are associated with increasing odds of depression. This approach detected quantitatively how different patterns of poly-drug exposure can result in increased odds of depression comorbidity, in cases diagnosed with opioid versus cocaine dependence. (Am J Addict 2017;26:632-639).
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Addictions to heroin or to cocaine are associated with substantial psychiatric comorbidity, including depression. Poly-drug self-exposure (eg, to heroin, cocaine, cannabis, or alcohol) is also common, and may further affect depression comorbidity. METHODS: This case-control study examined the relationship of exposure to the above drugs and depression comorbidity. Participants were recruited from methadone maintenance clinics, and from the community. Adult male and female participants (n = 1,201) were ascertained consecutively by experienced licensed clinicians. The instruments used were the SCID-I, and Kreek-McHugh-Schluger-Kellogg (KMSK) scales, which provide a rapid dimensional measure of maximal lifetime self-exposure to each of the above drugs. This measure ranges from no exposure to high unit dose, high frequency, and long duration of exposure. RESULTS: A multiple logistic regression with stepwise variable selection revealed that increasing exposure to heroin or to cocaine was associated greater odds of depression, with all cases and controls combined. In cases with an opioid dependence diagnosis, increasing cocaine exposure was associated with a further increase in odds of depression. However, in cases with a cocaine dependence diagnosis, increasing exposure to either cannabis or alcohol, as well as heroin, was associated with a further increase in odds of depression. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: This dimensional analysis of exposure to specific drugs provides insights on depression comorbidity with addictive diseases, and the impact of poly-drug exposure. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: A rapid analysis of exposure to drugs of abuse reveals how specific patterns of drug and poly-drug exposure are associated with increasing odds of depression. This approach detected quantitatively how different patterns of poly-drug exposure can result in increased odds of depression comorbidity, in cases diagnosed with opioid versus cocaine dependence. (Am J Addict 2017;26:632-639).
Authors: Bradley T Kerridge; Tulshi D Saha; S Patricia Chou; Haitao Zhang; Jeesun Jung; W June Ruan; Sharon M Smith; Boji Huang; Deborah S Hasin Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2015-09-02 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: Andrew T Drysdale; Logan Grosenick; Jonathan Downar; Katharine Dunlop; Farrokh Mansouri; Yue Meng; Robert N Fetcho; Benjamin Zebley; Desmond J Oathes; Amit Etkin; Alan F Schatzberg; Keith Sudheimer; Jennifer Keller; Helen S Mayberg; Faith M Gunning; George S Alexopoulos; Michael D Fox; Alvaro Pascual-Leone; Henning U Voss; B J Casey; Marc J Dubin; Conor Liston Journal: Nat Med Date: 2016-12-05 Impact factor: 53.440
Authors: C Bond; K S LaForge; M Tian; D Melia; S Zhang; L Borg; J Gong; J Schluger; J A Strong; S M Leal; J A Tischfield; M J Kreek; L Yu Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Date: 1998-08-04 Impact factor: 11.205
Authors: Carlos Blanco; Deborah S Hasin; Melanie M Wall; Ludwing Flórez-Salamanca; Nicolas Hoertel; Shuai Wang; Bradley T Kerridge; Mark Olfson Journal: JAMA Psychiatry Date: 2016-04 Impact factor: 21.596
Authors: M Rodríguez-Arias; C Roger-Sánchez; I Vilanova; N Revert; C Manzanedo; J Miñarro; M A Aguilar Journal: Neural Plast Date: 2015-12-31 Impact factor: 3.599