iTRAQ analysis reveals mechanisms of growth defects due to excess zinc in Arabidopsis.

The micronutrient zinc is essential for all living organisms, but it is toxic at high concentrations. Here, to understand the effects of excess zinc on plant cells, we performed an iTRAQ (for isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification)-based quantitative proteomics approach to analyze microsomal proteins from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) roots. Our approach was sensitive enough to identify 521 proteins, including several membrane proteins. Among them, IRT1, an iron and zinc transporter, and FRO2, a ferric-chelate reductase, increased greatly in response to excess zinc. The expression of these two genes has been previously reported to increase under iron-deficient conditions. Indeed, the concentration of iron was significantly decreased in roots and shoots under excess zinc. Also, seven subunits of the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a proton pump on the tonoplast and endosome, were identified, and three of them decreased significantly in response to excess zinc. In addition, excess zinc in the wild type decreased V-ATPase activity and length of roots and cells to levels comparable to those of the untreated de-etiolated3-1 mutant, which bears a mutation in V-ATPase subunit C. Interestingly, excess zinc led to the formation of branched and abnormally shaped root hairs, a phenotype that correlates with decreased levels of proteins of several root hair-defective mutants. Our results point out mechanisms of growth defects caused by excess zinc in which cross talk between iron and zinc homeostasis and V-ATPase activity might play a central role.