The genetic, molecular and phenotypic consequences of selection for insecticide resistance.

Studies of insecticide resistance allow theories of the adaptive process to be tested where the selective agent, the insecticide, is unambiguously defined. Thus, the consequences of selection of phenotypic variation can be investigated in genetic, biochemical, molecular, population biological and, most recently, developmental contexts. Are the options limited biochemically and molecularly? Is the genetic mechanism monogenic or polygenic, general or population/species specific? Are fitness and developmental patterns associated? These questions of general evolutionary significance can be considered with experimental approaches to determine how insecticide resistance evolves.