Implementation research: Issues and prospects.

The concern that addiction treatment be grounded in science has been recognized and enthusiastically endorsed in both the clinical and research communities. With recognition of the gap between knowledge development and application, there has been a recent emphasis on developing strategies for more effective application, i.e., for the incorporation of evidence-based practice in routine clinical programming. This has translated to a need to develop strategies designed to achieve organizational change and a field of study whose objective is to better understand how to expedite change in treatment organizations and their clinical practices. This paper focuses on the roles and responsibilities of researchers, practitioners, and the federal government in achieving changed practice and applying new knowledge to improve treatment. Even though great strides have been made to shift the emphasis from dissemination of knowledge to its application, much still remains to be done in the development and testing of additional application strategies specific to the substance abuse treatment field. Future considerations for implementation research are discussed.