Dyspnea: a sensory experience.

Dyspnea--an unpleasant or uncomfortable awareness of breathing or need to breathe--is a common symptom of patients with cardiopulmonary disease. Although often thought of as a single symptom, dyspnea probably subsumes many sensations. Experimental conditions used to induce dyspnea are characterized by discrete groups or clusters of descriptive phrases. Similarly, as the language of dyspnea is refined further, different disease states may be distinguishable by the nuances of breathlessness described by patients. Evidence is gathering that the sensations of dyspnea are modified by information from a variety of receptors throughout the respiratory system. The sense of effort, although still important in the breathlessness associated with mechanical loads, is insufficient to explain the dyspnea arising from a number of experimental and clinical conditions. As our understanding of the interactions between effort and afferent information from the respiratory system grows, new therapeutic interventions to alleviate dyspnea are likely to follow.