Literature DB >> 21219704

A drug toxicity death involving propylhexedrine and mitragynine.

Justin M Holler1, Shawn P Vorce, Pamela C McDonough-Bender, Joseph Magluilo, Carol J Solomon, Barry Levine.   

Abstract

A death involving abuse of propylhexedrine and mitragynine is reported. Propylhexedrine is a potent α-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine found in nasal decongestant inhalers. The decedent was found dead in his living quarters with no signs of physical trauma. Analysis of his computer showed information on kratom, a plant that contains mitragynine, which produces opiumlike effects at high doses and stimulant effects at low doses, and a procedure to concentrate propylhexedrine from over-the-counter inhalers. Toxicology results revealed the presence of 1.7 mg/L propylhexedrine and 0.39 mg/L mitragynine in his blood. Both drugs, as well as acetaminophen, morphine, and promethazine, were detected in the urine. Quantitative results were achieved by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry monitoring selected ions for the propylhexedrine heptafluorobutyryl derivative. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reactions monitoring mode was used to obtain quantitative results for mitragynine. The cause of death was ruled propylhexedrine toxicity, and the manner of death was ruled accidental. Mitragynine may have contributed as well, but as there are no published data for drug concentrations, the medical examiner did not include mitragynine toxicity in the cause of death. This is the first known publication of a case report involving propylhexedrine and mitragynine.

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Year:  2011        PMID: 21219704     DOI: 10.1093/anatox/35.1.54

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  J Anal Toxicol        ISSN: 0146-4760            Impact factor:   3.367


  18 in total

1.  The Chemistry of Kratom [Mitragyna speciosa]: Updated Characterization Data and Methods to Elucidate Indole and Oxindole Alkaloids.

Authors:  Laura Flores-Bocanegra; Huzefa A Raja; Tyler N Graf; Mario Augustinović; E Diane Wallace; Shabnam Hematian; Joshua J Kellogg; Daniel A Todd; Nadja B Cech; Nicholas H Oberlies
Journal:  J Nat Prod       Date:  2020-06-29       Impact factor: 4.050

Review 2.  The pharmacology and toxicology of kratom: from traditional herb to drug of abuse.

Authors:  Marcus L Warner; Nellie C Kaufman; Oliver Grundmann
Journal:  Int J Legal Med       Date:  2015-10-28       Impact factor: 2.686

3.  Novel case of maternal and neonatal kratom dependence and withdrawal.

Authors:  Lindsay Mackay; Ronald Abrahams
Journal:  Can Fam Physician       Date:  2018-02       Impact factor: 3.275

4.  Lateral Flow Assessment and Unanticipated Toxicity of Kratom.

Authors:  Lauren C Smith; Lucy Lin; Candy S Hwang; Bin Zhou; Diane M Kubitz; Huiying Wang; Kim D Janda
Journal:  Chem Res Toxicol       Date:  2018-11-16       Impact factor: 3.739

5.  Evaluation of the cardiotoxicity of mitragynine and its analogues using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.

Authors:  Jun Lu; Heming Wei; Jianjun Wu; Mohd Fadzly Amar Jamil; Mei Lan Tan; Mohd Ilham Adenan; Philip Wong; Winston Shim
Journal:  PLoS One       Date:  2014-12-23       Impact factor: 3.240

Review 6.  Hepatotoxicity Induced by "the 3Ks": Kava, Kratom and Khat.

Authors:  Flaminia Pantano; Roberta Tittarelli; Giulio Mannocchi; Simona Zaami; Serafino Ricci; Raffaele Giorgetti; Daniela Terranova; Francesco P Busardò; Enrico Marinelli
Journal:  Int J Mol Sci       Date:  2016-04-16       Impact factor: 5.923

7.  Kratom, an Emerging Drug of Abuse, Raises Prolactin and Causes Secondary Hypogonadism: Case Report.

Authors:  Lauren LaBryer; Rohan Sharma; Kaustubh Suresh Chaudhari; Mitali Talsania; Robert Hal Scofield
Journal:  J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep       Date:  2018-03-16

Review 8.  The abuse potential of kratom according the 8 factors of the controlled substances act: implications for regulation and research.

Authors:  Jack E Henningfield; Reginald V Fant; Daniel W Wang
Journal:  Psychopharmacology (Berl)       Date:  2017-12-23       Impact factor: 4.530

9.  Suspected Adulteration of Commercial Kratom Products with 7-Hydroxymitragynine.

Authors:  Alicia G Lydecker; Abhisheak Sharma; Christopher R McCurdy; Bonnie A Avery; Kavita M Babu; Edward W Boyer
Journal:  J Med Toxicol       Date:  2016-10-17

Review 10.  Following "the Roots" of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): The Evolution of an Enhancer from a Traditional Use to Increase Work and Productivity in Southeast Asia to a Recreational Psychoactive Drug in Western Countries.

Authors:  Eduardo Cinosi; Giovanni Martinotti; Pierluigi Simonato; Darshan Singh; Zsolt Demetrovics; Andres Roman-Urrestarazu; Francesco Saverio Bersani; Balasingam Vicknasingam; Giulia Piazzon; Jih-Heng Li; Wen-Jing Yu; Máté Kapitány-Fövény; Judit Farkas; Massimo Di Giannantonio; Ornella Corazza
Journal:  Biomed Res Int       Date:  2015-11-10       Impact factor: 3.411

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